Oral mucosa structure

Chen SY, Squier CA (1984) The ultrastructure of the oral epithelium. In Meyer J, Squier CA, Gerson SJ (eds.) The Structure and Function of Oral Mucosa. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 7-30... 

Squier CA, Wertz PW (1996) Structure and function of the oral mucosa and implications for drug delivery. In Rathbone MJ (ed.), Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1-26... 

Wertz PW, Swartzendruber DC, Squier CA (1993) Regional variation in the structure and permeability of oral mucosa and skin. Adv Drug Del Rev 12 1-12... 

Squier, C.A., and Wertz, P.W., Structure and Function of the Oral Mucosa and Implications for Drug Delivery. In Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery (M.J. Rathbone, ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1996, pp. 1-26. 

Squier, C.A., Johnson, N.W., and Hopps, R.M. In Human Oral Mucosa Development, Structure and Function, Oxford, Blackwell, 1976, p. 7. 

Meyer, J., J. Squier, and S.J. Gerson. 1984. The structure and function of oral mucosa. Oxford Pergamon Press. 

The oral mucosa provides a protective covering for underlying tissues while acting as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms and toxins. Histologically, the stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral cavity exhibits a diverse structure as well as important inter-species differences. This... 

Human oral mucosa consists of different cell types including keratinized and non-keratinized striated epithelial, but the buccal mucosa is composed predominately of the latter. In selecting an appropriate animal model care was taken to ensure that the mucosal structure in the selected species matched that in man as closely as possible. Based on histological examinations all the rodent species (rat, guinea pig, hamster and rabbit) would constitute poor models because of extensive keratinization of their buccal mucosa. Of the other possibilities, the dog appeared to be the best choice. 

Give a general overview of the structure of the oral mucosa... 

Azone (l-Dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one) and related compounds have been studied as transdermal penetration and oral absorption enhancers. Although some efficacy has been shown, an emulsifying agent appears to be necessary for azone to penetrate the intestinal mucosal membrane in order to promote drug absorption. One study reported the absence of gross morphological damage after exposure of mucosa to azone but additional information on the effect of azone on overall mucosa structure is not avalable. 

Stablein, M.J. Meyer, J. The vascular system and blood supply. In The Structure and Eunction of Oral Mucosa, Meyer, J., Squier, C.A., Gerson, S.J., Eds. Pergamon Press Oxford, 1984 237-256. 

Siegel IA. Effect of chemical structure on nonelectrolyte penetration of oral mucosa. JInvest Derm 1981 76(2) 137—40. 

The provision of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids is difficult, if not impossible, in various diseases. This is especially true for diseases that are accompanied by a lot of oxidative stress, for example, mucoviscidosis. The requirements of fat-soluble antioxidative substances are certainly high in these cases and can barely be covered by intramuscular injections because fat-soluble vitamins can hardly, if at all, be absorbed from oily preparations. Alternatively, the vitamins can administered via the buccal mucosa the fat-soluble substances have to be packaged in such a way that they can be transported in a watery compartment and are thus able to largely dissolve in the saliva. When they have an adequate size, they can then penetrate the buccal mucosa. One approach is the development of the so-called nanocolloids, that is, particles with a polar nucleus, in which the fat-soluble vitamin is dissolved, and an apolar wrapping (monolayer). This structure makes an oral application of fat-soluble substances possible. First tests demonstrated that vitamin A palmitate, a-tocopherol, as well as coenzyme Qio are thus able to enter the systemic circulation via the buccal mucosa. 

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