Optional Scales

These procedures are identical to that given above with the following exceptions Fiv old Scaleup 

Increase the scale of the reaction by a factor of 5 compared to the microscale procedure. 

The product is washed with two 2-mL portions of cold water. 

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This results in sensible numbers for the class boundaries and allows for comparisons with other series of observations that have different extrema, for example (.375,. 892) or (.25, 1.11). Strict adherence to the theory-inspired rule would have yielded class boundaries. 327,. 4833,. 6395,. 7958, and. 952, with the extreme values being exactly on the edges of the graph. That this is impractical is obvious, mainly because the class boundaries depend on the stochastic element innate in Xmin resp. x ax- Program HISTO, option (Scale), allows for an independent setting of a subdivided range R with C bins of width R/C, and lower/upper limits on the graph. 

Icon Options Scale icon by a lactor Send behind lUl other icons Bnng in front of all other units Edit or copy icon dynamics... 

Consideration of alternatives seeks to ensure that the proposer has considered other feasible options including location, scales, processes, layouts, operating conditions and the no action option. 

Atom VDWForm at cn try to SigmaKpsilori. rh e I 4 van der Waals interactions are nsnally scaled in OPLS to one-eighth their nominal value (a scale factor of (1.125 in the Porce Field Options dialog bo.x). 

Scale Press shift key and move mouse with right button depressed Simultaneously press option and control keys and move mouse with button depressed... 

AMBER, BIO-h and OPLS scale 1 van der Waals and 1 electrostatic interactions. Although the value of the 1 nonbonded scale factors is an option in HyperChem, you should generally use recommended values. This is because during parameterization, the force field developers used particular values for the 1 nonbonded scale factors, and their parameters may not be correct for other scale factors. 

The functional form for van der Waals interactions in AMBER is identical with that shown in equation (13) on page 175. The coefficients A. and B.. are computed from the parameters in the file pointed to by the 6-12AtomVDW entry for the parameter set in the Registry or the chem. ini file, usually called nbd.txt(dbf), and optionally with the file pointed to by the 6-12PairVDW entry for the parameter set, usually called npr.txt(dbf). The standard AMBER parameter sets use equations (15) and (16) for the combination rules by setting the 6-12AtomVDWFormat entry to RStarEpsilon. The 1 van der Waals interactions are usually scaled in AMBER to half their nominal value (a scale factor of 0.5 in the Force Field Options dialog box). 

There is mote than one way to make PV systems cost effective, ie, by making mote efficient and less expensive devices, by stimulating the market toward higher sales in order to justify production volume increases to achieve economies of scale, and by combinations of these options. In any case, modules must operate tehably for long periods of time. 

A number of options for controlling scale formation are used in plant operations around the world. One approach is use of mechanical means, including thermal shock. Although rare today (ca 1997), this practice can be found ia use with the few obsolete submerged tube evaporators. 

The option most promising today iavolves use of a new family of polymers, the so-called high temperature scale-control chemicals. These are compounds that, added ia 3—8 ppm, lead to lattice distortioa and the formation of a nonadhering scale. Belgard (CIBA-GEIGY) was the first compound... 

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