Optical waveguides refractive index

White J.M., Heidrich P.F., Optical waveguide refractive index prefiles from measurement of mode indices A simple analysis, Appl. Opt., 15 (1), 151-155 (1976). 

Hall D.G. In-plane scattering in planar optical waveguides refractive-index fluctuations and surface roughness. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1985 2 747-752... 

This chapter describes the synthesis of partially fluorinated polyimides for optical teleconununications applications," " 2 their optical transparency (optical loss), refractive index, and birefringence properties" in addition to their fundamental properties. It also describes their device application as optical interference filters," " optical waveplates," and optical waveguides." -" ... 

Fig. 1 Chemical interaction mechanisms, basic components of the optical sensor instrumentation and their operation. Mechanisms direct measurement of chemical compounds that exhibit spectroscopic properties (1 A) and measurement of light originating from a chemical or a biological reaction in chemiluminescent or bioluminescent phenomena (IB) 2 optodes based on the interaction of indicators and labels with light, which are immobilized in a support and sensors that modify the intrinsic physical or chemical properties of a waveguide (refractive index, phase, etc.) as a result of the presence of the analyte (3A), a recognition element (35), an intermediate analyte (3C) or an indicator (3D)...

The characterization of sol-gel thin-film waveguides, passive or active, requires the measurement of a number ofphysical and chemical parameters, ranging from the topographical ones (e.g. roughness, waviness, thickness) to structural (porosity, hardness, amorphous or crystalline structure, composition) and optical ones (refractive index, absorption and emission, optical losses and optical gain). Most of these parameters can be measured by optical methods, and the most widely used methods and experimental configurations have been briefly described in the present chapter. The same procedures are generally applicable... 

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