Optical basic concept

Duffy, J. A., and M. D. Ingram (1976). An interpretation of glass chemistry in terms of the optical basicity concept. J. Noncryst. Solids 21, 373 10. 

D. L. Mills, Nonlinear Optics, Basic Concepts, Springer, Berlin, 1998. 

D.L. Mill, "Nonlinear Optics Basic concepts" 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York,... 

Dent-Glasser, L.S. and Duffy, J.A. Analysis and prediction of acid-base reactions between oxides and oxysalts using the optical basicity concept. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton. Trans. 1987, 20, 2323-2328. 

The concept of using continuous chromatography for the separation of stereoisomers or optical isomers is very old and was probably proposed for the first time by Martin and Kuhn in 1941 [28]. The suggested implementation was different from today s SMB technology, though the basic concept is the same. The chromatographic media is moved continuously in a conveyor belt, the feed is injected continuously at a fixed point, and the pure enantiomers are recovered at fixed points. In the idea of Martin and Kuhn, benefits were taken from the possibility of modulating the adsorption of the products at different temperatures. 

The first four chapters introduce basic concepts that are developed to build up a framework for understanding defect chemistry and physics. Thereafter, chapters focus rather more on properties related to applications. Chapter 5 describes diffusion in solids Chapter 6, ionic conductivity Chapters 7 and 8 the important topics of electronic conductivity, both intrinsic (Chapter 7) and extrinsic (Chapter 8). The final chapter gives a selected account of magnetic and optical defects. 

On a smaller scale many new functional polymers are produced having valuable properties for electrical, optical or magnetic applications. There exist numerous metal catalysed processes and we will discuss only a few to explain basic concepts using both examples from bulk polymers and fine chemical, high-value polymers. 

It is not the purpose of the present chapter to deal with all of the aspects related to this impressive capability. Rather, we will try to give some basic concepts, so that a nonspecialist in group theory is able to calibrate its potentiality and to apply it to simple problems in optical spectroscopy. 

Chapter 7 is a very simple introduction to group theory and its usefulness to interpreting the optical spectra of active centers. The purpose of this chapter is to present some basic concepts, for non-specialists in group theory, so they can evaluate its potential and, hopefully the feasibility of applying it to simple problems, such as the determination and labeling of the energy levels of an active center by means of the character table of its symmetry group. 

FIG. 2.7 Location of the boundary for particles settling in an ultracentrifuge (a) concentration profile and (b) derivative profile as revealed by schlieren optics. (Redrawn with permission of P. C. Hiemenz, Polymer Chemistry The Basic Concepts, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984.)... 

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of polar fluorescent probes that have a dipole moment that depends upon electronic state has recently been used extensively to study microscopic solvation dynamics of a broad range of solvents. Section II of this paper deals with the subject in detail. The basic concept is outlined in Figure 1, which shows the dependence of the nonequilibrium free energies (Fg and Fe) of solvated ground state and electronically excited probes, respecitvely, as a function of a generalized solvent coordinate. Optical excitation (vertical) of an equilibrated ground state probe produces a nonequilibrium configuration of the solvent about the excited state of the probe. Subsequent relaxation is accompanied by a time-dependent fluorescence spectral shift toward lower frequencies, which can be monitored and analyzed to quantify the dynamics of solvation via the empirical solvation dynamics function C(t), which is defined by Eq. (1). 

In a strict sense, the classical Newtonian mechanics and the Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism are not compatible. The M-M-type experiments refuted the geometric optics completed by classical mechanics. In classical mechanics the inertial system was a basic concept, and the equation of motion must be invariant to the Galilean transformation Eq. (1). After the M-M experiments, Eq. (1) and so any equations of motion became invalid. Einstein realized that only the Maxwell equations are invariant for the Lorentz transformation. Therefore he believed that they are the authentic equations of motion, and so he created new concepts for the space, time, inertia, and so on. Within... 

The tutorial begins with a description of the basic concepts of nonlinear optics and presents illustrations from simple models to account for the origin of the effects. The microscopic or molecular origin of these effects is then discussed in more detail. Following this, the relationship between molecular responses and the effects observed in bulk materials are presented and finally some of the experimental methods used to characterize these effects are described. 

Basic concepts of interaction have been refined as new models could be established. The fields of applications were broadened. Currently, the detection of enantiomers by fluorescence measurements and by direct optical methods are well-investigated topics. By introducing various functional groups to established skeletal structures, highly specific recognition of enantiomers is likely to be achieved. Those methods based on recognition by polymer-bonded selectors will continue to profit from advances in modern chromatographic methods. 

We present the basic concepts and methods for the measurement of infrared and Raman vibrational optical activity (VOA). These two forms of VOA are referred to as infrared vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and Raman optical activity (ROA), respectively The principal aim of the article is to provide detailed descriptions of the instrumentation and measurement methods associated with VCD and ROA in general, and Fourier transform VCD and multichannel CCD ROA, in particular. Although VCD and ROA are closely related spectroscopic techniques, the instrumentation and measurement techniques differ markedly. These two forms of VOA will be compared and the reasons behinds their differences, now and in the future, will be explored. 

The basic concept of the Stokes-Mueller calculus is that the transformation of the state of a beam under the action of an optical element could unequivocally be described by multiplying its Stokes vector So by a matrix M (Mueller matrix) from the left. The resulting new Stokes vector Sr represents the altered state of the beam. 

This basicity concept (further discussed in Chapter 8) may be quantified by study of the spectra of probe ions such as Pb +, leading to values of optical basicity. These optical basicities can be correlated with polarizabilities, either macroscopic optical polarizabilities or the molecular-level polarizabilities, which influence the Auger parameter. 

Since the introduction of the STM a number of variations have been devised, such as ATM (atomic force microscope). The basic concept is that piezoelectric actuators move a miniature cantilever arm (with a nm-sized tip) across the sample while a non-contact optical system measures the deflection of the cantilever caused by atomic scale features. The deflection is proportional to the normal force exerted by the sample on the probe tip and images are generated by raster scanning the sample [201]. One application of this technique was to measure the thickness and size distribution of sub-micron clay particles with diameters in the 0.1 to 1 pm size range and thickness from 0,01 to 0.12 pm [202]. 

The basic concept, although most likely not the detailed mechanism, of the Enders asymmetric induction follows from the chelation-controlled asymmetric alkylation of imine anions introduced by Meyers and Whitesell. The hydrazones derived from either the (5)- or the (/ )-enantiomer of iV-amino-2-methoxymethylpyrrolidine (SAMP and RAMP, derived from the amino acid proline) can be converted to anions that undergo reaction with a variety of electrophiles. After hydrolysis of the product hydrazones, the alkylated ketones can be obtained with good to excellent levels of optical purity (Scheme 19). 

The present chapter will summarize the few recent investigations that have been devoted to tin-based derivatives as molecular materials with a quadratic NLO response. After a short introduction to the basic concepts of non-linear optics, and computational methods currently available, the different tin-based materials will be reviewed. 

Aerosol science plays a key role in many different fields including (a) atmospheric sciences and air pollution, (b) Industrial production of pigments, fillers, and specially metal powders, (c) fabrication of optical fibers, (d) industrial hygiene, and (e) contamination control in the microelectronics and pharmaceuticals industries. Aerosols present in such applications can usually he considered as desirable or undesirable, but the same basic concepts apply to both types. Specialist. in the various applied fields increasingly make use of similar theoretical concepts and experimental techniques in solving aerosol problems. These common approaches are the focus of this book. 

BASIC CONCEPTS OF SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICS... 

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