Surface preparation techniques

Since then, TXRE has become the standard tool for surface and subsurface microanalysis [4.7-4.11]. In 1983 Becker reported the angular dependence of X-ray fluorescence intensities in the range of total reflection [4.12]. Recent demands have set the pace of further development in the field of TXRE - improved detection limits [4.13] in combination with subtle surface preparation techniques [4.14, 4.15], analyte concentrations extended even to ultratraces (pg) of light elements, e. g. A1 [4.16], spe-dation of different chemical states [4.17], and novel optical arrangements [4.18] and X-ray sources [4.19, 4.20]. 

Additional suggested resources for the reader include introductory articles on scanning probe techniques for materials properties measurement [82,83J. A comprehensive manual describing various surface preparation techniques, experimental procedures and instrumentation is also a good resource [84J, although the more recent modulation based techniques are not covered. Key textbooks include Johnson s on contact mechanics [51J and Israelachvili s on surface forces [18J, as well as a treatment of JKR/DMT issues by Maugis [85J. 

Wegman, R.F., Surface Preparation Techniques for Adhesive Bonding. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1989. 

To obtain these startling new results with Pt single crystals, Clavilier employed a novel surface preparation technique that did not require a complex and expensive UHV system, but did require considerable skill and experience. Clavilier s original papers... 

SURFACE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR ADHESIVE BONDING by Raymond F. Wegman... 

Check surface preparation techniques Use robust metal primer Avoid dissimilar metal contacts upon installation of finished bonded parts Avoid dissimilar metals in abrasion cleaning operation, i.e., steel grit with aluminum... 

Schottky contacts on ZnO were realized by the thermal evaporation of Ag, Au, Ni, or Pd, respectively. We used different surface preparation techniques prior to the deposition of the contact metal. For the single crystals a front-back contact configuration was used while a front-front configuration has to be used for thin films grown on insulating sapphire substrates. The homogeneity of the Schottky contacts depends on the surface preparation as revealed by electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurements (Fig. 6). 

Comparable influence has the sample treatment on the surface termination and structure of NiAl(lOO). Indeed, different experimental findings have been reported earlier depending mainly on various surface preparation techniques. Early LEED investigations [30] indicate that the NiAl(lOO) surface gives a c(V2 X 3V2)R45° LEED pattern when annealed at 750 K. Small amounts of impurities [45] do influence the structure. Upon high temperature annealing at about 1300 K the development of a (1x1) LEED pattern has been reported. The surface consists probably of a mixture of Ni and A1 atoms including some... 

Surface Roughening - In adhesive bonding, a commonly used surface preparation technique in which the substrate surface is mechanically abraded. The roughened surface increases bondability by dramatically increasing the number of sites available for mechanical interlocking. 

The specimen surface is often prepared before measurement to ensure a reproducible and known surface condition. Metallurgical surface preparation techniques are commonly used, these include wet grinding on silicon carbide abrasive papers, polishing with diamond or alumina media, electropolishing, chemical polishing, pickling or etching. 

Electrochemical corrosion measurement results can be strongly dependent upon surface preparation technique. The causes can range from a simple surface area effect of different surface treatments, through secondary effects of the surface preparation technique on the substrate, to chemical changes on the surface during surface preparation and during the time between preparation and immersion in the test medium. 

Ebnesajjad, S. and C.F. Ebnesajjad, Surface Preparation Techniques for Adhesive Bonding, WiUiam Andrew Publishing/Noyes, Norwich, NY, 2006. Akers, S.C., The function of adhesive primers in adhesive bonding of aircraft structures. Applied Polymer Symposia No. 19, Processing for Adhesives Bonded Structures (M.J. Bodnar, ed.), pp. 23-28, Interscience Publisher, New York, 1972. 

---