Operators, chemical Development

Moderate means using materials under less hazardous conditions, also called attenuation. Moderation of conditions can be accomplished by strategies which are either physical (lower temperatures, dilution) or chemical (development of a reaction chemistry which operates at less severe conditions). 

OECD (2001) OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, 13th Addendum. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) PubUshing. 

The eChemPortal is an effort of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with the European Commission, the United States, Canada, lapan, the International Council of Chemical Associations, the Business and Industry Advisory Committee, the World Health Organization s International Program on Chemical Safety, the United Nations Environment Programme on Chemicals and environmental non-governmental organizations. 

Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2003) Descriptions of Selected Key Generic Terms Used in Chemical Hazard/Risk Assessment. OECD, Paris. 

OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2003) Descriptions of selected key generic terms used in chemical hazard/risk assessment. ENV/JM/MONO(2003) 15. OECD Series on Testing and assessment 44... 

Chemical analysis is an indispensable servant of modern technology whilst it partly depends on that modem technology for its operation. The two have in fact developed hand in hand. From the earliest days of quantitative chemistry in the latter part of the eighteenth century, chemical analysis has provided an important basis for chemical development. For example, the combustion studies of La Voisier and the atomic theory proposed by Dalton had their bases in quantitative analytical evidence. The transistor... 

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Decision of the Council of the OECD of 12 Mar 1981 Concerning the Mutual Acceptance of Data in the Assessment of Chemicals, Paris, OECD, 1981. 

The development of catalysts includes both practical and theoretical knowledge and experience with a palette of disciplines known to the chemical engineer, e.g. inorganic chemistry, physical and chemical characterisation techniques, nano-scale materials, unit operations, chemical reaction engineering, catalyst kinetics, and transport phenomena. 

In retrospect, there is a consensus that the development of process engineering has passed through four eras industrial chemistry, unit operations, chemical engineering science, and chemical systems engineering. In the era of industrial chemistry (before 1925), research was focused on chemical industries for the... 

A recent and extremely important development lies in the application of the technique of liquid extraction to metallurgical processes. The successful development of methods for the purification of uranium fuel and for the recovery of spent fuel elements in the nuclear power industry by extraction methods, mainly based on packed, including pulsed, columns as discussed in Section 13.5 has led to their application to other metallurgical processes. Of these, the recovery of copper from acid leach liquors and subsequent electro-winning from these liquors is the most extensive, although further applications to nickel and other metals are being developed. In many of these processes, some form of chemical complex is formed between the solute and the solvent so that the kinetics of the process become important. The extraction operation may be either a physical operation, as discussed previously, or a chemical operation. Chemical operations have been classified by Hanson(1) as follows ... 

For a long time a proven concept for product separation following chemical reactions has been to cool down the homogeneous reaction mixture and allow the product to crystallize or solidify. Very often also the educts of the reaction are not soluble at lower temperature. Appropriate choice of the solvent for the reactions is the prerequisite for the success of that operation. Chemists developing procedures for production acquire a lot of expertise selecting the optimal solvent for a chemical reaction which should enable both optimal reaction conditions and the opportunity to separate the product in a clean form. 

Organization For Economic Co-Operation And Development (OECD) -Chemical Safety. Online. Available HTTP (accessed ... 

OECD/IPCS (2001) Project on the harmonization of chemical hazard/risk assessment terminology Critical analysis of survey results. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety (in press). 

OECD, Environment Directorate—Chemicals Group and Management Committee (1998), OECD series on principles of good laboratory practice and compliance monitoring, number 1 OECD Principles on Good Laboratory Practice (Paris Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 

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