Operation Deep Freeze

In 1966 the National Science Fonndation and the US Naval Support Force, Antarctica, lannched the Antarctic Journal of the Unites States in order to provide "... a common outlet for information on the logistic and scientific aspects of the national effort to a broad audience of participants and interested observers (Jones and Bakutis 1966, p. 1). In 1977, the Antarctic Journal started publishing Annual Review issues (vol. 12, no. 4) that contained brief preliminary (i.e., unreviewed) reports submitted by the research groups that were active in Antarctica with financial and logistical support by NSF and by Operation Deep Freeze. These special issues contain a wealth of information about the ongoing scientific research in Antarctica. The series ended in 1997 (vol. 32, no. 5) and publication of the Antarctic Jonmal was officially discontinued in 2(X)2. 

American scientists and support personnel who are scheduled to work in the Transantarctic Mountains or on the polar plateau of East Antarctica, in Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica, and at South Pole Station will, in most cases, depart from Christchurch, New Zealand, and fly to McMurdo Station which is located at the tip of the Hut Point Peninsula on Ross Island in Fig. 2.8 (Section 1.2). This site was originally selected in 1955 by Admiral George J. Dufek as a logistics base for Operation Deep Freeze in preparation for research to be carried out by American scientists during the IGY (1957-1958). The site was chosen because it is located in a broad basin adjacent to a deep harbor where supply ships can unload cargo either onto a floating ice dock or directly to the shore. These favorable conditions also caused Robert Scott in 1901 to select this site for his winter-over base where he set up his Discovery Hut in Fig. 2.9 which still contains some of the equipment and supplies that he and his men left behind (Section 1.4.1). 

To produce Fusarium sp. for meat substitutes the aseptic system must be operated with recovery by filtration followed by deep-freezing. The cost is thus 0.649 + 0.04 + 0.001 + 0.04 = 0.730 per kg biomass. 

Special formulations have been developed for cementing operations in arctic regions or for deep water applications [206,208,256,720,739,1792]. In low-temperature formations, wherein the cement is subjected to freeze-thaw cycling, freezing-point depressants must be added. Salts may serve as such, but traditional organic freezing-point depressants, such as ethylene glycol, also may be added [1022-1024]. 

---