Binary Operation

Gravity-operated binary adder circuif made of soda straws, straight pins, tinker toy parts and marbles (1959)... 

In the first class, azeotropic distillation, the extraneous mass-separating agent is relatively volatile and is known as an entrainer. This entrainer forms either a low-boiling binary azeotrope with one of the keys or, more often, a ternary azeotrope containing both keys. The latter kind of operation is feasible only if condensation of the overhead vapor results in two liquid phases, one of which contains the bulk of one of the key components and the other contains the bulk of the entrainer. A t3q)ical scheme is shown in Fig. 3.10. The mixture (A -I- B) is fed to the column, and relatively pure A is taken from the column bottoms. A ternary azeotrope distilled overhead is condensed and separated into two liquid layers in the decanter. One layer contains a mixture of A -I- entrainer which is returned as reflux. The other layer contains relatively pure B. If the B layer contains a significant amount of entrainer, then this layer may need to be fed to an additional column to separate and recycle the entrainer and produce pure B. 

A new acoustic emission system (AEBIL Acoustic Emission Binary Localizer) meeting the requirements for continuous on-line structural surveillance of critical conponents of operating plants Is described in the paper. The system is specifically designed to identify and locate structurally significant, spatially concentrated, AE sources in the presence of a high rate of spatially diffuse AE events. The system performance and reliability has been extensively demonstrated in In-plant applications. 

In sections, where exists high probability of presence of defects, on the base formed in the binary type of projections acoustical tomographic images of only defective structure elements of sections is restored. IT of restoring stipulates such operations ... 

For themial unimolecular reactions with bimolecular collisional activation steps and for bimolecular reactions, more specifically one takes the limit of tire time evolution operator for - co and t —> + co to describe isolated binary collision events. The corresponding matrix representation of f)is called the scattering matrix or S-matrix with matrix elements... 

The dBASEIV (or dBASEIII) form of the parameter sets come in. dbffil s analogous to the. txt files. These dbf files are binary files, so you can t read them directly. They are not required for the product and are provided only as an option. In most situations where there is no extensive use of database operations on parameter sets, the text form is probably more convenient to use. Many spreadsheet programs, including Microsoft Excel, are also capable of reading dbf fil s. 

Operations such as the above are carried out very rapidly by the computer through voltage switching, each switch lasting only a few nanoseconds. Therefore, although it is clumsier to represent numbers in binary for the human mind, and instead we use ten symbols (0, 1,. .., 9) to help us with complicated arithmetic, the speed with which we can do this arithmetic is nothing like the speed of the computer. Computer addition seems instantaneous, whereas human response to addition takes a finite time. 

The previous discussion concentrated on arithmetical operations by computing in binary numbers represented as bits and bytes. However, other computer functions also use bytes of information. 

In addition, most devices provide operator control of settings for temperature and/or response slope, isopotential point, zero or standardization, and function (pH, mV, or monovalent—bivalent cation—anion). Microprocessors are incorporated in advanced-design meters to faciHtate caHbration, calculation of measurement parameters, and automatic temperature compensation. Furthermore, pH meters are provided with output connectors for continuous readout via a strip-chart recorder and often with binary-coded decimal output for computer interconnections or connection to a printer. Although the accuracy of the measurement is not increased by the use of a recorder, the readabiHty of the displayed pH (on analogue models) can be expanded, and recording provides a permanent record and also information on response and equiHbrium times during measurement (5). 

Intermediate Condenser. As shown in Figure 3, an intermediate condenser forces the operating line closer to the equiUbrium line, thus reducing the inherent inefficiencies in the tower. Using intermediate condensers and reboilers, it is possible to raise the efficiency above that for a simple reboder—condenser system, particularly when the feed composition is far from 50 50 in a binary mixture. 

Pure zirconium tetrachloride is obtained by the fractional distillation of the anhydrous tetrachlorides in a high pressure system (58). Commercial operation of the fractional distillation process in a batch mode was proposed by Ishizuka Research Institute (59). The mixed tetrachlorides are heated above 437°C, the triple point of zirconium tetrachloride. AH of the hafnium tetrachloride and some of the zirconium tetrachloride are distiUed, leaving pure zirconium tetrachloride. The innovative aspect of this operation is the use of a double-sheU reactor. The autogenous pressure of 3—4.5 MPa (30—45 atm) inside the heated reactor is balanced by the nitrogen pressure contained in the cold outer reactor (60). However, previous evaluation in the former USSR of the binary distiUation process (61) has cast doubt on the feasibHity of also producing zirconium-free hafnium tetrachloride by this method because of the limited range of operating temperature imposed by the smaH difference in temperature between the triple point, 433°C, and critical temperature, 453°C, a hafnium tetrachloride. 

Thermal-Conductivity Analyzer. The thermal-conductivity analy2er operates on the principle that the loss of heat from a hot wire by gaseous conduction to a surface at a lower temperature varies with the thermal conductivity of the gas, and is virtually independent of pressure between 1.3 kPa (10 mm Hg) and 101 kPa (1 atm). This technique is frequently used in continuous monitors for tritium in binary gas mixtures for immediate detection of process change. 

McCabe-Thie/e Example. Assume a binary system E—H that has ideal vapor—Hquid equiHbria and a relative volatiHty of 2.0. The feed is 100 mol of = 0.6 the required distillate is x = 0.95, and the bottoms x = 0.05, with the compositions identified and the lighter component E. The feed is at the boiling point. To calculate the minimum reflux ratio, the minimum number of theoretical stages, the operating reflux ratio, and the number of theoretical stages, assume the operating reflux ratio is 1.5 times the minimum reflux ratio and there is no subcooling of the reflux stream, then ... 

In the example, the minimum reflux ratio and minimum number of theoretical plates decreased 14- to 33-fold, respectively, when the relative volatiHty increased from 1.1 to 4. Other distillation systems would have different specific reflux ratios and numbers of theoretical plates, but the trend would be the same. As the relative volatiHty approaches unity, distillation separations rapidly become more cosdy in terms of both capital and operating costs. The relative volatiHty can sometimes be improved through the use of an extraneous solvent that modifies the VLE. Binary azeotropic systems are impossible to separate into pure components in a single column, but the azeotrope can often be broken by an extraneous entrainer (see Distillation, A7EOTROPTC AND EXTRACTIVE). 

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