Operant conditioning, meaning

When we change a specific operating condition, meaning the set point, we would like, for example, the pH of the bioreactor to follow our command. This is what we call servo control. 

In a reactor working under normal operating conditions, meaning the heat exchange system is working as designed, the mechanism of heat transfer is forced... 

In contrast, the open architecture allows the decoupling of reaction and separation unit operating conditions, meaning that the temperatures in the two blocks can be optimized independently further, the mechanical design of the membrane module is simpler and its maintenance is easier. One of the main advantages of the open architecture is the possibility of revamping... 

Depending on the operating conditions, mean droplet sizes of 0.8-2.5 pm with standard deviations ranging from 0.4 to 1.3 pm were measured. As expected, the mean droplet size decreased with increase in total flow rate. For instance, on increasing the flow rate from 0.3 to 0.9 Lh, the droplet diameter decreased by a factor of almost two. 

Continuous reactors with seed latex particles in the feed stream could be an interesting polymerization system for morphological studies. The broad residence time distribution of the polymerizing latex particles associated with such a reactor configuration results in a broad particle size distribution of the effluent product. By changing the particle size distribution (monodisperse or polydisperse) of seed latex particles and operation conditions (mean residence time, monomer addition method, etc.) simultaneously, one can essentially obtain a variety of morphological structures of latex particles. 

Crude oil and gas from offshore platforms are evacuated by pipeline or alternatively, in the case of oil, by tanker. Pipeline transport is the most common means of evacuating hydrocarbons, particularly where large volumes are concerned. Although a pipeline may seem a fairly basic piece of equipment, failure to design a line for the appropriate capacity, or to withstand operating conditions over the field life time, can prove very costly in terms of deferred oil production. 

Our experiences with the software developed within the ANDES project have shown that CBR is a helpful methodology for use in the interpretation of NDT data from field inspections. Because CBR systems can adapt to new situations they can cope with inspection of varying constructions in varying conditions. However, because CBR systems learn from classifications made by the operator this means that they will not be very useful for completely automatic interpretation. Fortunately, most of the NDT inspection requires the presence of an operator because of the required high reliability. 

Because of the complexity of designs and performance characteristics, it is difficult to select the optimum atomizer for a given appHcation. The best approach is to consult and work with atomizer manufacturers. Their technical staffs are familiar with diverse appHcations and can provide valuable assistance. However, they will usually require the foUowing information properties of the Hquid to be atomized, eg, density, viscosity, and surface tension operating conditions, such as flow rate, pressure, and temperature range required mean droplet size and size distribution desired spray pattern spray angle requirement ambient environment flow field velocity requirements dimensional restrictions flow rate tolerance material to be used for atomizer constmction cost and safety considerations. 

Catalysts intended for different appHcations may require their own unique types of reactor and operating conditions, but the key to designing a successful system is to use the same feedstock composition that is expected in the ultimate commercial installation and to impose so far as is possible the same operating conditions as will be used commercially (35). This usually means a reactor design involving a tubular or smaH-bed reactor of one type or another that can simulate either commercial multitubular reactors or commercial-size catalyst beds, including radial flow reactors. 

Figiire 8-38 ihust rates the typical spread of values of the controhed variable that might be expected to occur under steady-state operating conditions. The mean and root mean square (BMS) deviation are identified in Fig. 8-38 and can be computed from a series of n observations Cl, C9,. . . c as fohows ... 

Generahzed correlations are available for each of the operations which make up the full filter cycle. This means that simulated operating conditions can be varied to obtain a maximum of information without requiring an excessive number of test runs. The minimum number of test runs required for a given feed will, of course, vary with the expertise of the experimenter and the number of operations performed during the filter cycle. If, for example, the operation invdves only the dewatering of a slurry which forms a cake of relatively low to moderate porosity, frequently sufficient data can be obtained in as little as six runs. For more difficult tests, more runs are usually advisable, and the novice certainly should make a larger number of runs as there is likely to be more data scatter. 

The use of PB modeling by practitioners has been hmited for two reasons. First, in many cases the kinetic parameters for the models have been difficult to predict and are veiy sensitive to operating conditions. Second, the PB equations are complex and difficult to solve. However, recent advances in understanding of granulation micromechanics, as well as better numerical solution techniques and faster computers, means that the use of PB models by practitioners should expand. 

To warn of an unfavourable operating condition by the use of an audio-visual alarm or trip or both, schemes can be introduced in the control circuit by means of a temperature detector or other devices to monitor any or all of the following internal conditions of a motor ... 

A low p.f. means a higher load current than necessary and accompanying higher line losses. Inductive loads are the main cause of a low p.f., with induction motors the major contributors. Under operating conditions a motor may often be operating underloaded due to one or more of the following reasons ... 

Corrosion protection not only maintains the value of industrial plants and structures but also ensures safe operational conditions and the reliability of these structures it prevents damage that can endanger people and the environment. For this reason corrosion protection of such installations forms the most important means of protecting the environment. 

The excellent corrosion resistance over a wide range of operating conditions and readily available methods of fabrication by welding and other means of shaping metals make these steels the most extensively used throughout the chemical and allied industries. 

A typical pilot-operated PR valve is illustrated in Figure 5. Under normal operating conditions, the vessel pressure acts on the main valve seat at the bottom of the free-floating differential area piston, and by means of the pilot supply line is also applied to the top of the piston and under the pilot valve disc. Since the top area of the piston is larger than the nozzle area at the lower end of the piston, there is a large net load holding the piston down on the nozzle. Under static... 

The requirement does not mean that you need to validate all your word-processing software or any other special aids you use. Maintenance means retaining in an operational condition and you can do this by following some simple rules. 

However, these requirements go further than merely controlling the devices used for measurement. They address the measurements themselves, the selection of the devices for measurement and also apply to devices which create product features, if they are used for product verification purposes. If you rely on jigs, tools, fixtures, templates, patterns, etc. to form shapes or other characteristics and have no other means of verifying the shape achieved, these devices become a means of verification. If you use software to control equipment, simulate the environment or operational conditions, or carry out tests and you rely on that software doing what it is supposed to do, without any separate means of checking the result, the quality of such software becomes critical to product verification. In fact the requirements apply to metrology as a whole rather than being limited to the equipment that is used to obtain the measurement and therefore a more appropriate title of the section would be Control of measurements . 

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