One-piece Techniques

Throughout this book, the sheet of card (cardboard) that folds around the pop>up to protect it is called the backing sheet. If the pop-up is constructed from just one sheet (see One-piece Techniques, page 21), the backing sheet is integral. 

This section covers all the main techniques for constructing pop-ups. It is divided into two chapters which cover one-piece techniques and multi-piece techniques. The aim of this section is to give you the confidence and knowledge to be able to go on to design your own pop-ups. 

Any pop up form (hai straddles a gMiUT crease will in turn generate extra creases that can become new gutter creases to generate more pofi-upN and so on. This technique, used %ith the Cut Away technique, is the most useful of all one-piece techniques, permitting the combination of any or all the preceding techniques, in whatever (Dim. An understanding of its basic... 

The techniques that follow do not readily fit into the mainstream one-piece techniques described yet thc> form an important part of the vocabular). As you will have observed, no technique is entirely distinct from all others so you will Hnd in this section that many overlap with earlier techniques. Indeed, it is curious how one technique mutates into anothert particularly when Generations and Cut Aw a> s aa used. 

This 1 prc abty the single most bscinaiing and addictive one-piece technique Once the basic mcasurcmcni principles liave been pasped. endless x ariations suggest themselves. To speed up consiniciion. stick squared paper to the back of the catd and draw the measurements onto it. 

This delightful technique is one of the simplest and perhaps the most anistic of one-piece techniques. This is because the outline of the two halves can be cut to almost any shape and the halves may join in many a) S. thus permitting a remarkable amount of technical freedom. It is the only one-piece technique where glue is occasionally used. 

Nevertheless, mulii-piccc techniques are surprisingly easy to master, and will produce a xariety of iniercsting forms with little" elfon. The techniques are more dherse than the one-piece techniques - each has its own method... 

As an example of this technique, the estimated equipment costs for a large coal gasification project have been correlated and programmed for a computer. Thus, it is vei7 easy to get the cost of any one piece, or of many pieces of equipment, for a coal gasification or hydrocarbon processing project once the specification sheets are completed. 

Lithium aluminum hydride was obtained from Fluka AG or from Ventron Corporation. One convenient technique for the addition is to weigh the reagent into an Erlenmeyer flask, which is then connected to the reaction flask by a short piece of Gooch tubing. In this way the solid can be added in portions without exposing it to the atmosphere. 

Metal Casting Techniques. Many ancient cast metal objects were made by the cire perdue (lost wax) casting process, which involves pouring molten metal into a one-piece mold and letting it solidify modem fakes are usually cast in two halves that are then joined. A casting fin, or a fine line of filed solder on a cast object, usually reveals that the casting is modem. 

Reuse is a variety of techniques aimed at getting the most from the design and implementation work you do. We prefer not to reinvent the same ideas every time we do a new project but rather to capitalize on that work and deploy it immediately in new contexts. In that way, we can deliver more products in shorter times. Our maintenance costs are also reduced because an improvement to one piece of design work will enhance all the projects in which it is used. And quality should improve, because reused components have been well tested. 

Gun method A simple technique for assembling a supercritical mass is to shoot one piece of fissile material as a projectile against a second piece as a target. This method was used in the Little Boy weapon which was detonated over Hiroshima. Gun method can only be used for U235 because of the relatively long time it takes to combine the materials. However, this method is now of only historical importance and is practically obsolete for technologically advanced nations. 

This paper reviews the status of the art of adhesion to wood. The term "adhesion" here means the forming or the result of a durable interface, or zone of "intimate" contact, between one piece of wood and a second material, whether it be adhesive, coating, or another piece of wood. The review will focus primarily on solid wood, but will refer to selected literature on wood fiber or fiber-wall components if the concepts presented apply to solid wood. Several specific topics will be considered in detail mechanisms of adhesion to wood techniques for predicting whether or not adequate adhesion will occur or has occurred wood properties affecting adhesion and, finally, techniques for enhancing adhesion. 

Ever since the introduction of the comparison microscope into the field of advanced firearms indentification in about 1925, people engaged in this work have been processing ballistics evidence, bullets and shells, in exactly the same manner. This can only be done by examining each piece of evidence separately and individually, one piece at a time, and comparing this evidence, again separately and individually, by the utilization of the comparison microscope. Today, we in the field of firearms identification still process evidence in exactly the same manner using the same techniques and basically the same instrument that was applied almost fifty years ago. 

The main source of conformational information for biopolymers are the easy-to-obtain chemical shifts that can be translated into dihedral restraints. In addition, for fully 13C labeled compounds, proton-driven spin diffusion between carbons [72] can be used to measure quantitatively distances between carbons. The CHHC experiment is the equivalent of the NOESY in solution that measures distances between protons by detecting the resonances of the attached carbons. While both techniques, proton-driven spin diffusion and CHHC experiment [73], allow for some variation in the distance as determined from cross-peak integrals, REDOR [74] experiments in selective labeled compounds measure very accurate distances by direct observation of the oscillation of a signal by the dipolar coupling. While the latter technique provides very accurate distances, it provides only one piece of information per sample. Therefore, the more powerful techniques proton-driven spin diffusion and CHHC have taken over when it comes to structure determination by ss-NMR of fully labeled ligands. 

When molding a product with a variable wall thickness, it is possible to vary the thickness of the preform. This is usually accomplished by baffling. Another approach that can be used is to completely block off areas where no fiber is desired. This action saves material that would otherwise be trimmed off and probably discarded. It has also proven practical to combine two or more preforms into one molded part. This technique is very useful where the thickness of the molded part prohibits the collection of the preform in one piece. 

One piece of evidence supporting the efficacy of PAM in sarin toxicity has been the clinical benefit associated with PAM in toxicity due to organophosphorous agrochemicals. However, some experts now doubt whether such a benefit really exists. For example, Peter et al (2006), using meta-analytic techniques, reevaluated the effects of oxime therapy in organophosphate poisoning. Not only did they find no beneficial effects, they also reported possible... 

This section deals with some of the specialized procedures which might be encountered. All the topics covered here have one thing in common, namely that the particular type of apparatus used will vary from one laboratory to another and accordingly detailed instructions will not usually be given here for any one piece of apparatus. Representative systems are shown, and common operating procedures discussed. Often there will be someone in the department who is responsible for, or has particular expertise in, one of these techniques. If this is the case always consult this person before you intend attempting the reaction. 

Figure 48-5 Chimney construction-Jump-form technique. The jump-form technique of concrete chimney construction has been in use since the turn of the century and has been refined to a remarkably efficient construction method. Specially designed steel forms are raised in regular increments for each pour. The forms are raised by the crew using chain falls connected to overhead beams on the derrick—a structure that incorporates a work deck and is hung by cables from the inside of the concrete chimney. For each new pour, the derrick is raised using chain falls and reattached by cables to the concrete structure. Then the outside forms are raised, as one piece. Reinforcing steel is secured and the Inside forms are raised, again as one piece. After alignment and plumb are checked, the concrete is poured. Taper and wall thickness are adjusted by changing the circumference of the forms.

A technology-led transformation took place in car manufacturing and the large car manufacturers found cheaper ways of making cars. The one-piece body and chassis meant the end of traditional coachbuilding techniques. 

Offset lithography is used to decorate metal sheet for shallow drawn containers and lids since the resultant distortion is inherently small. When deeper one-piece containers, e.g. drawn and wall ironed aerosol cans, are printed most of the decoration is normally on the sidewall. One technique used is known as distortion printing. The original design is printed in the flat in a condensed or distorted fashion which is calculated geometrically so that when the three-dimensional can is formed... 

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