Oncogenes in human tumors

Pulciani S, Santos E, Lauver AV, et al. 1982b. Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines. Molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79 2845-2849. 

Jiang W, Kahn SM, Guillem JG, Lu SH, Weinstein IB (1989) Rapid detection of ras oncogenes in human tumors applications to colon, esophageal, and gastric cancer. Oncogene 4 923-928... 

Ras genes are frequently mutated in chemically induced animal tumors and are the most frequently detected mutated oncogenes in human tumors. Approximately 20-30% of all human tumors contain mutated ras. The Ras subfamily includes H-ras, K-ras, and N-ra.v, and all have been found to be mutationally activated in numerous types of tumors from a large variety of species including humans. 

Kirsten-ras is the most frequently activated oncogene in human tumors (1). Activated K-ras is bound to GTP and possesses intrinsic GTPase activity which leads to its inactivation. Oncogenic K-ras has dramatically lower... 

See also Viral and cellular oncogenes, oncogenes and cell signalling. Oncogenes, Oncogenes in Human Tumors... 

See also Eukaryotic DNA and Development, Oncogenes in Human Tumors (from Chapter 23), p53... 

See also Oncogenes in Human Tumors, Oncogenes and Cell Signalling... 

Toxicity and effectivity studies have often been performed in rodent fibroblast cells containing oncogenic H-Ras. However, prenylation of K-Ras B and N-Ras are not as effectively blocked by the farnesyltransferase inhibitors as H-Ras [48] (see below). Thus normal cells may be less sensitive to these drugs because they express K-Ras 4B and N-Ras. In this context it should be noted that H-Ras mutations are relatively uncommon in human tumors [49]. Rather, the K-Ras gene is the most frequently mutated in solid human cancers, whereas N-Ras is prevalent in leukemias. Thus the preclinical evaluation of the farnesylation inhibitors has yet to be critically re-evaluated for trials in humans. 

Alvaro V, Prevostel C, Joubert D, Slosberg E, Weinstein IB (1997) Ectopic expression of a mutant form of PKCalpha originally found in human tumors aberrant sub-cellular translocation and effects on growth control. Oncogene 14 677-685... 

Landers, J.E., Cassel, S.L. and George, D.L. (1997) Translational enhancement of MDM2 oncogene expression in human tumor cells containing a stablized wild-type p53 protein. Cancer Res., 57, 3562-3568. 

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