Signal transduction oncogenes and

Nobes, C. D., CRC Oncogene and Signal Transduction Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, England... 

See also Viral and Cellular Oncogenes, Oncogenes and Cell Signalling, G Proteins and Signal Transduction, G Protein Families and Subunits... 

Kerbel RS, Viloria-Petit A, Klement G, Rak J. Accidental anti-angiogenic drugs. Anti-oncogene directed signal transduction inhibitors and conventional chemotherapeutic agents as examples. Eur J Cancer 2000 36 1248-1257. 

Thiophene, 2,2-bithiophene, and 2,2, 5, 2"-terthiophene derivatives from Chinese medicinal plants as oncogene signal transduction inhibitors (proteinki-nase C inhibitors) 99PAC1101. 

LIN J K s, LEE F, HUANG Y T, LiN-SHiAU s Y (1995) Signal transduction and oncogene expression mediated by reactive oxygen species. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Natural Antioxidants - Molecular Mechanisms and Health Effects. Eds Packer, L, Traber, M G, Xin, W Champaign, I L, USA AOCS Press, 303-19. 

Morrison, D. K., Kaplan, D. R., Rapp, U., and Roberts, T. M. (1988). Signal transduction from membrane to cytoplasm growth factors and membrane-bound oncogene products increase Raf-1 phosphorylation and associated protein kinase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 8855-8859. 

Ral has attracted much interest in recent years, not least because it was demonstrated to mediate part of Ras function as described above. In contrast to Rap, which rather inhibits Ras signaling, Ral is part of one of the essential Ras-activated pathways. Moreover, it has proved to be acting in parallel with the Raf pathway in cell transformation induced by oncogenic Ras [37, 77]. The case of Ral demonstrates the complexity - and the incomplete knowledge and understanding - of signal transduction. Ral can also be activated by Rap mediated by Rif [103] and, alternatively, by binding of a calcium/calmodulin complex to the Ral C-terminus which obviously does not affect the nucleotide state of Ral [111]. 

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