Oncogenes and

TABLE 5.22 Important Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancers... 

Woodget, J. R., 1991. A common denominator linking glycogen metabolism, nuclear oncogenes, and development. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 16 177-181. 

Targeted cancer therapy refers to anticancer treatments that selectively interfere with molecules ( oncogenes and antioncogenes) considered to be important in neoplastic transformation, cell proliferation, invasion... 

Green, M.R. (1989). When the products of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes meet. Cell 56, 1-3. 

TABLE 85-1. Examples of Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes... 

Bais C, Santomasso B, Coso O, et al. G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature 1998 391(6662) 86-89. 

Zakeri, Z. F., Ponzetto, C., and Wolgemuth, D. J. (1988). Translational regulation of the novel haploid-specific transcripts for the c-abl proto-oncogene and a member of the 70 kDa heat-shock protein gene family in the male germ line. Dev. Biol. 125 417-422. 

G. F. (1984). Properties of the mouse and human mos oncogene loci. In The Cancer Cell-Oncogenes and Viral Genes, (Vande Woude, G. F., Levine, A. J., Topp, W. C., and Watson, J. D., eds.) pp. 281-289. Cold Spring Harbor, Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. 

Sequential mutations within colonic epithelium result in cellular replication or enhanced invasiveness. Genetic changes include mutational activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. 

A considerable number of transcription factors have reactive cysteine residues, which enable them to respond to the redox conditions in the cell. Since cadmium perturbs redox homeostasis, it can affect this class of transcription factors. If cadmium can displace the tetra-coordinate zinc atoms in zinc finger-containing transcription factors, it will affect them as well. Many of the pathways involving activation and inactivation of transcription factors involve kinases and phosphatases, themselves under the intricate control of calcium fluxes. It is therefore no surprise that cadmium will exert effects on the activity of transcription factors, the activation of proto-oncogenes, and thereby on gene expression (Figure 20.8i and i ). 

D8. Duffy, M. J., Cellular oncogenes and suppressor genes as prognostic markers in cancer. Clin. Biochem. 26, 439-447 (1993). 

Prins, J., E. G. De Vries, and N. H. Mulder. 1993. The myc family of oncogenes and their presence and importance in small-cell lung carcinoma and other tumour types. Anticancer Res 13(5A) 1373-85. 

Gstaiger, M. et al. Skp2 is oncogenic and overexpressed in human cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98, 5043-8. 

Gene therapy offers another potential avenue to fix the defective gene. The therapy itself is by no means straightforward. In a French gene therapy trial, three boys with SCID were treated using retrovirus-based gene therapy. They later developed cancer and one died of leukemia. Reviews showed that the retrovirus inserted near oncogenes and promoted development of cancer. 

Which of the following proteins would most likely be encoded by. oncogene and exhibit tyrosirte kinase activity ... 

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