On penalties

For details on penalty increases and how to calculate the applicable penalties based on the penalties recited in the Reporting Rule ERP, see Chapter 5, Penalties and Enforcement. 

For TSCA violations, gravity based penalties are the penalties that the EPA calculates applying a series of policies on penalties applicable to the various types of regulatory violations. These policies are the EPAs Enforcement Response Policies. For an in-depth discussion of the Enforcement Response Policies, see Chapter 14, Penalties and Enforcement... 

Section 11 also gives the EPA authority to issue subpoenas for testimony, documents, and things. These subpoenas can only be enforced by a district court, on penalty of contempt. The EPA has inherent authority to seek a judicial subpoena, in addition or as an alternative to 11 administrative... 

The research results show that many companies concentrate on risk identification and risk assessment, and ignore risk mitigation. This is due to a reluctance to build long-term relationships with suppliers. Some companies decide to exit from cooperation rather than implement improvements. In this case cooperation means an opportunistic approach based on penalties. This does not guarantee a reduction in the number of disruptions in relationships with suppliers. 

There is no doubt that until recently the most that we knew in bioinformatics was due to the availability of very useful computer programs. But that does not mean that further improvements are not possible Very recently, at least a 45-year-old problem of protein sequence alignment, which many believed could not be solved mathematically exactly, has been solved exactly. Exactly means without use of approximations, such as empirical parameters, statistical information, scoring based on penalties for gaps, insertions and deletions, and of course, without use of... 

Highlight good safety initiatives Choose key moments for rewards and raising awareness Communicate non-emotively about what is unacceptable and the related rules on penalties (possibly on a sliding scale)... 

The results given here are on a laboratory basis. During formulation in the refinery, the cold characteristics are much less satisfactory with a penalty of around for cases where it is desired to keep the same yield from the crude oil. 

The most negative point on the cumulative cashflow indicates the maximum cash exposure of the project. If the project were to be abandoned at this point, this is the greatest amount of money the investor stands to lose, before taking account of specific contractual circumstances (such as penalties from customers, partner claims, contractors claims). 

For defect sizing by TOED, use of L waves involves a penalty in resolution of almost a factor of two at a given frequency because of difference in velocity as compared to shear waves and use of SV waves runs into difficulties because of the mode conversion problems. Further, problems due to couplant thickness variations, surface roughness affects, beam skewing and distortion problems in anisotropic welds can also be expected. On the contrary, SH waves are not affected... 

NMR can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures, although there is a time and often a resolution penalty in using temperatures other than ambient. An effective lower limit of - 150 °C is set by the lack of solvents that are liquid below this. Temperatures above 130 °C require special thennal protection devices, although measurements have even been made on molten silicates. 

The penalty method is based on the expression of pressure in terms of the incompressibility condition (i.e. the continuity equation) as... 

Level of enforcement of the incompressibility condition depends on the magnitude of the penalty parameter. If this parameter is chosen to be excessively large then the working equations of the scheme will be dominated by the incompressibility constraint and may become singular. On the other hand, if the selected penalty parameter is too small then the mass conservation will not be assured. In non-Newtonian flow problems, where shear-dependent viscosity varies locally, to enforce the continuity at the right level it is necessary to maintain a balance between the viscosity and the penalty parameter. To achieve this the penalty parameter should be related to the viscosity as A = Xorj (Nakazawa et al, 1982) where Ao is a large dimensionless parameter and tj is the local viscosity. The recommended value for Ao in typical polymer flow problems is about 10. ... 

Temperature variations are found by the solution of the energy equation. I he finite element scheme used in this example is based on the implicit 0 time-stepping/continuous penalty scheme described in detail in Chapter 4, Section 5. 

Solution of the flow equations has been based on the application of the implicit 0 time-stepping/continuous penalty scheme (Chapter 4, Section 5) at a separate step from the constitutive equation. The constitutive model used in this example has been the Phan-Thien/Tanner equation for viscoelastic fluids given as Equation (1.27) in Chapter 1. Details of the finite element solution of this equation are published elsewhere and not repeated here (Hou and Nassehi, 2001). The predicted normal stress profiles along the line AB (see Figure 5.12) at five successive time steps are. shown in Figure 5.13. The predicted pattern is expected to be repeated throughout the entire domain. 

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