Oligosaccharides symbols

Fig. 12. Inhibition of binding of anti-I sera Ma and Woj to I-labeled blood group I-ac-tive glycoprotein by synthetic oligosaccharides. Symbols for synthetic oligosaccharides ...

Higher oligosaccharides are named systematically in the same way. However, it is often preferable to give their structures by use of the symbolic approach outlined in 2-Carb-38). 

Carb-38. Use of symbols for defining oligosaccharide structures 2-Carb-38.1. General considerations... 

Oligosaccharide and polysaccharide structures occur not only in free form but often as parts of glycopeptides or glycoproteins [11] or of glycolipids [21]. It can be cumbersome to designate their structures by using the recommendations of 2-Carb-37. The use of three-letter symbols for monosaccharide residues is therefore recommended. With appropriate locants and anomeric descriptors, long sequences can thus be adequately described in abbreviated form. 

Table 2. Symbols for monosaccharide residues and derivatives in oligosaccharide chains...

Eur. J. Biochem. (1980) 111, 295-298 Nomenclature of unsaturated monosaccharides Eur. J. Biochem. (1981) 119, 1-3 Nomenclature of branched-chain monosaccharides Eur. J. Biochem. (1981) 119, 5-8 Abbreviated terminology of oligosaccharide chains /. Biol Chem. (1982) 257, 3347-3351 Polysaccharide nomenclature /. Biol Chem. (1982) 257, 3352-3354 Symbols for specifying the conformation of polysaccharide chains... 

The IUPAC-IUBMB short form symbolism18 2-Carb-38.5 is used here and elsewhere in this chapter for designation of oligosaccharide structures. Parent monosaccharide residues are the d enantiomers except for IdoA, which is the l enantiomer. Uronic acid residues modified by 44-unsaturation are prefixed by A4tS, and the associated anomeric symbol relates to the configuration at the 5-position of that residue before 4,5-elimination. The abbreviation HexA is used to denote either d-G1cA or L-IdoA. 

To simplify the nomenclature, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommended abbreviations for the oligosaccharide chains of GSLs [9], The neutral core (root) structures, their symbols, and commonly used abbreviations are shown in Table 12.1. The name of a particular GSL is composed of (root name) (root size) osylceramide. Thus, the sixth structure in Table 12.1, if linked to ceramide, is named globotetraosylceramide, which could be abbreviated as Gb4Cer (the subscript 4 refers to the tetrasaccharide core). 

Figure 3. A Model for Acrosin s Role in Zona Pellucida Binding and Penetration of Sperm. The model uses the m -acrosin form depicted in Figure 2. Acrosin is bound to the sperm plasma membrane (PM) via its hydrophobic domain and interacts with the egg zona pellucida (ZP) via its protease and carbohydrate binding domains. The ZP is composed of three glycoproteins which have unique polypeptide chains and both shared and unique oligosaccharide moieties. Symbols used - oligosaccharide...

CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides obtained from the degradation of starch by glucosyltransferase enzyme ([25] and references therein). They have internal cavities made of six, seven or eight glucose units, designated by the symbols a, (3 and y, respectively. The number of glucose units determines the dimension and size of the cavity. The cavity interior surface is fined by... 

These two nomenclature systems, the only ones which allow the position of the substituents on the constituent monsaccharides to be clearly indicated, are found particularly in articles on synthetic chemistry. They are awkward but can be simplified for free oligosaccharides. Each monosaccharide is represented by the following symbols Glc for glucose. Gal for galactose, Man for mannose. 

Here, and elsewhere in this article, hyphens are omitted from the extended symbolic oligosaccharide sequences, to achieve a more compact presentation than in the standard lUPAC-IUBMB format. 

The interactions of HS withFGFs " involve primarily the NS-domains (see Fig. 2) of the polysaccharide. Biochemical analyses of FGF2 interactions with heparin and HS oligosaccharides implicated a I-Ans-I-Ans-I2s pentasaccharide sequence (for symbols, see Fig. 1 reducing terminus to the right), notably lacking any 6-G-sulfatc groups, as the smallest and least sulfated structure capable... 

Fig. 1. Proposal for the biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides in connective tissue from Lymnaea stagnalis [59]. The compounds are represented by short-hand symbolic notation as explained in the figure. Solid arrows indicate steps verified by experiments and dotted arrows indicate probable steps [57-60]. Man II represents a-mannosidase II abbreviations of other enzymes are explained in the text. Boxed structures are presented as formulae in Scheme 4, and have been isolated from L. stagnalis He [22,23].

In this text, biochemical style abbreviations - the condensed system of symbolism - have been used for the formulae of carbohydrates [1]. Where more convenient M has also been used as a symbol for D-mannopyranose. Unless described otherwise, chiral compounds are D- and glycosidically linked sugars are pyranose. In oligosaccharide formulae a reducing-end sugar is italicised. Italicised reference numbers indicate reviews and these provide early information and lists of references. P represents a phosphate group. 

The following table lists the systematic names and symbols for selected carbohydrates and some of their derivatives. The symbols for monosaccharide residues and derivatives are recommended by lUPAC for use in describing the structures of oligosaccharide chains. A more complete list can be found in the reference. 

Fig. 18.—Diagrammatic Representation of the Oligosaccharides Produced by the Action of Mold Dextranase Preparations on Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Birmingham) Dextran. [The symbols are O, a-D-glucosyl residue 0, o-glucose residue.]...

Depict the structure of the following oligosaccharide in terms of geometric symbols that have been proposed by the CFG ... 

Activities 2 to 9 have not yet been demonstrated in vitro but are listed above because the various structures involved have been found in glycoproteins (see Section II also Kabat, 1970 Arima et al, 1970 Wagh et al., 1969 Sato et al., 1967), The linkage of GlcNAc to Man in activity 1 has not yet been rigorously established. The symbol R above represents oligosaccharide-protein. 

Figure 3. Committed steps in the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides. Action of GlcNAcT I on the oiigomannoside structure opens the window for several possible reactions as catalyzed by a-mannosidase II (Man-ase II), GlcNAcT II-V, and core-specific a6-FucT. The window is closed by the action of p4-GalT as shown for a di-antennaiy structure. For key to the symbols see legend to Figure 2.

Figure 7. Relative activities of a6-NeuAcT, a3-NeuAcT, a3-GalT, a3-FucT, and P3-GlcNAcT with structures that form part of branched, N-linked oligosaccharides. The acceptor oligosaccharides are represented by symbolic structures the branch linkages of which correspond to those in the structures shown in Figures 4 and 8.

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