Symbolic approaches

Higher oligosaccharides are named systematically in the same way. However, it is often preferable to give their structures by use of the symbolic approach outlined in 2-Carb-38). 

Numeric-symbolic approaches are particularly important in process applications because the time series of data is by far the dominant form of input data, and they are the methods of choice if annotated data exist to develop the interpretation system. With complete dependence on the annotated data to develop the feature mapping step, numeric-symbolic mappers can be used to assign labels directly. However, as the amount and coverage of available annotated data diminishes for the given label of interest, there is a need to integrate numeric-symbolic approaches with... 

KBSs can be viewed with increasing levels of commitment to problem solving. At the level described in the previous section, a KBS accomplishes symbolic-symbolic mappings between input and output variables analogous to the numeric-symbolic mappings of approaches such as neural networks and multivariate statistical interpreters. For each problem-solving task, the particular numeric-symbolic or symbolic-symbolic approach is based on the task and the knowledge and data available. 

Other systems have developed FMO reaction checks and used WLN for cataloging, but this system has relied heavily on a symbolic approach to chemistry, including application of grammar techniques to WLN strings. We feel that our system is very successful in the domain that it has been applied, eliminating hundreds of naive expert system rules. We also feel that our techniques are applicable to many other reactions as well. 

Often, this approach is preferred over the direct substitution of values into the equation r t aw y because it allows us to change a value of a variable such as or the areas and see what happens to the result. For example, using the symbolic approach, we can see clearly that if m is increased to a value of200 kg, then m2 changes to 1800 kg. 

FIGURE 1.24 (a) Experimental (symbols) approach curve for tetraethylammonium transfer... 

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