Olfactory indicator

The titrimetric modifications described above exemplify either an instrumental adaptation (as in the case of the potentiometric and conductometric titrations) or a chemical manipulation (olfactory indicators). The first uses the sense of hearing, while the latter type appeals to the sense of smell. Unfortunately, instrumental adaptations that utilize one-of-a-kind homemade instruments are not readily available to the typical educator or may even be out of circulation. Also considered is the fact that at institutions where the enrollment of handicapped people is low, the justification of specialized equipment can be very difficult to obtain. On the other hand, the chemical manipulations discussed rely on readily available chemicals (onions and cloves) and represent comparable costs and laboratory preparation times as traditional titrimetric experiments. Since all students may perform these... 

Flair, M. and W. N. Setzer (1990) An olfactory indicator for acid-base titrations. Journal of Chemical Education 67(9), 795-796. 

D2 Mostly in striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle but also on neuron cell bodies in substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum where they are the autoreceptors for locally (dendritic) released DA. The loss of specific D2 antagonist binding in the striatum after lesions of the afferent nigro-striatal tract indicates their presynaptic autoreceptor role on terminals there. Other lesion studies have also established D2 receptors on other inputs such as the cortico striatal tract. 

Meredith M. and O Connell R.J. (1988). HRP uptake by olfactory and vomeronasal receptor neurones use as indicator of incomplete lesions and relevance for nonvolatile chemoreception. Chem Senses 13, 487-515. 

On the whole, it seems that humans are able to recognize their own body odour and women mostly tend to assess it as pleasant and men mostly as unpleasant. The significant results from experiments dealing with the question of the sexual partner s body odour recognition indicate that humans can learn their partner s olfactory cues, probably through their mutual intimacy. 

Much of the previous research on the role of early olfactory experience on adult odor preferences has used the approach of cross-fostering young pups to a lactating dam of a different species (D Udine 1983). Thus, a shift in preference toward odor of the foster parent indicates that species-specific odors are learned via the early experience with the foster parent. Several important themes have emerged from this literature that shed light on the degree to which species preference is learned during early life. 

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