Oleic acid oleochemicals from

C and fatty alcohols when working at 180 °C. Starting from oleic acid methyl ester, yields of up to 84% were obtained. Conversions of oleochemical feedstocks with Rh catalysts were possible, too [45]. 

Unsaturated fatty compounds such as oleic acid [la], 10-undecenoic acid [2a], pet-roselinic acid [3a], erucic acid [4a], and the respective esters, alcohols, and native oils (Fig. 1) are alkenes and contain an electron-rich double bond that can be functionalized in many different ways by reactions with electrophilic reagents. It is therefore remarkable that >90% of oleochemical reactions have been focused on the carboxylic acid functionality and < 10% have been reactions of the alkyl chain and the C,C-dou-ble bond (1). A review on radical additions to unsaturated fatty compounds that appeared in 1989 (2) quoted only very few C,C-bond-forming reactions giving branched and chain-elongated fatty compounds. Since then, modem preparative radical chemistry has been developing and has been applied also to fat chemistry (3-5). We report here on radical additions of activated haloalkanes such as alkyl 2-haloalka-noates and 2-haloalkanenitriles to unsaturated fatty compounds [l]-[4] initiated by electron transfer from copper in solvent-free systems. These additions were also car-... 

A food-grade oleic acid has been produced commercially from tall oil. The main uses of tall oil fatty acids are as intermediates in the production of oleochemicals and as components of alkyd resins. The absence of linolenic acid conveys good colour retention and non-yellowing properties for protective coatings. 

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatly acid found in high concentrations in vegetable oils, presenting a broad number of applications in many industrial areas, such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, oleochemical and biodiesel industries. Due to the lipophilicity, unsaturation and acidic characteristics that this compound presents, oleic acid can be effectively ttsed in esterification and acidolysis, among other reactions. Recent studies have used oleic acid as an efficient substrate for synthesis of trimethylolpropane esters by esterification using lipase from Candida Antarctica, since this polyol ester is widely applied in hydraulic... 

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is believed to be indigenous to West Africa. More than 80% of the world s palm oil comes from Southeast Asia, mainly Malaysia (50%) and Indonesia. Another species, such as American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera), are also cultivated for vegetable oil. One hectare of oil palm plantation produces 4.51 of oil per year which is three times the yield of coconut and more than 10 times that of soybean. Oil palms accumulate 90% of their oil in the mesocarp of fruits (pahn oil contains mostly palmitic and oleic acid, together 80% 10% LA), and the remaining comes from seed kernels (they contain >60% of medium-chain FAs, mainly, lauric acid). Pahn oil is mostly used in food products, as well as an oleochemical feedstock and a feedstock for biodiesel production. Pahn kernel oil is a most important feedstock used in the production of detergents and other applications of medium-chain FAs. 

This reaction is a tool to introduce multifunctionality into an oleochemical. The methyl ester of oleic acid can be epoxidized and reacted in the above-mentioned manner. A large variety of polyols (e. g., by reacting epoxidized soybean oil with aleohols) are available for making polyurethanes and other polymers ( polymers from fats and oils) with interesting properties. E. can be rearranged to form keto-compounds (- keto fatty acids). 

Interesting applications are envisaged for the acids from the high-oleic variety, which gives almost pure - oleic acid with only one splitting operation, which is useful for old and new oleochemical processes, (- metathesis, - ozonolysis, - epoxidation, etc.) World production (1993) was 7.32 x 10 mt with a strong increase during the last few years. 

The metathesis of oleochemicals in the presence of ethylene, also called ethenolysis, provides an efficient way to a-oleftns and 0)-unsaturated esters, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of polymers, fragrances, surfactants, lubricants, and others [51, 52], The ethenolysis of methyl oleate was demonstrated in 1994 by Grubbs et al. using C3 [32], They could reach productive turnovers of 130-140. In 2001, Warwel et al. carried out the ethenolysis of the methyl esters of oleic, erucic, 5-eicosenoic, and petroselinic acids also in the presence of C3 [53]. The reactions were performed at 50°C and 10 bar using 0.025 mol% of catalyst and gave conversions from 58% to 74%. 

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