Oilfield flooding

At first, some preliminary evidence of aggregation in CO2 was reported [56,57]. Next, lezzi et al. [58] screened commercially available surfactants for their ability to raise the viscosity of CO2 for improved oilfield flooding. None of the candidates selected for detailed study... 

Also, in reservoirs where there is a lot of variation in permeability (referred to as heterogeneity), the tendency will be for the injection water used in the oilfield flooding operation... 

D. Bhuyan, G. A. Pope, and L. W. Lake. Simulation of high-pH coreflood experiments using a compositional chemical flood simulator. In Proceedings Volume, pages 307-316. SPE Oilfield Chem Int Symp (Anaheim, CA, 2/20-2/22), 1991. 

J. P. Salanitro, M. P. Williams, and G. C. Langston. Growth and control of sulfidogenic bacteria in a laboratory model seawater flood thermal gradient. In Proceedings Volume, pages 457-467. SPE Oilfield Chem Int Symp (New Orleans, LA, 3/2-3/5), 1993. 

K. Taugbol, H. H. Zhou, and T. Austad. Low tension polymer flood the influence of surfactant-polymer interaction. In Proceedings Volume, pages 281-294. Rec Adv Oilfield Chem, 5th Royal Soc Chem Int Symp (Ambleside, England, 4/13-4/15), 1994. 

Clifford, P.J. and Sorbie, K.S. "The Effects of Chemical Degradation on Polymer Flooding," SPE paper 13586, 1985 International Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry, Phoenix, April 9 11. 

Flooding of oilfields is another example where interfacial reactions lead to changes of the Interfaclal tension. The issue is essentially a wetting problem the oil in the pores of the shales should be displaced by the fluid applied, which may be (caustic) water, a polymer solution, steam, or still something else, depending on the demands of the system, including the relative water- or oil-wettability of the rock. Under conditions where the interfacial tension is, or becomes, very low not only does the tension itself become relevant but cdso the bending moduli. 

The primary reaction of alkali with reservoir water is to reduce the activity of multivalent cations such as calcium and magnesium in oilfield brines. Upon contact of the alkali with these ions, precipitates of calcium and magnesium hydroxide, carbonate, or silicate may form, depending on pH, ion concentrations, temperature, and so on. If properly located, these precipitates can cause diversion of flow within the reservoir, leading to better contact of the injected fluid with the less-permeable and/or less-flooded flow channels. This then may contribute to improved recovery. Also, this reduction of reservoir brine cation activity will lead to more surfactant activity, resulting in lower IFT values (Mayer et al., 1983). 

Chang, M.-S.M., Wasan, D.T, 1980. Emulsion characteristics associated with an alkaline water flooding process. Paper SPE 9001 presented at the SPE Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry Symposium, Stanford, 28—30 May. 

Cheng, R.-X., Zheng, W.-N., 1988. Study of crude oil active components in alkaline flooding. Oilfield Chemistry 5, 8. 

Krumrine, P.H., Falcone, J.S., 1983. Surfactant, polymer, and alkali interactions in chemical flooding processes. Paper SPE 11778 presented at the SPE Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry Symposium, Denver, 1-3 June. 

Li, H.-E, Liao, G.Z., Han, P.-H., Yang, Z.Y., Wu, X.-L., Chen, G.-Y, Xu, D.-R, Jin, R.Q., 2003. Alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASR) commercial flooding test in the central Xing2 area of Daqing Oilfield. Paper SPE 84896 presented at the International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, 20-21 October. 

Liao, G.-Z., 1998. Comprehensive Study of Daqing Oilfield Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding. Post-doctoral report, Daqing. 

Wang, K.-L., Liao, G.-Z., Yang, Z.-Y, Li, J.-L., 2001c. Experimental smdy of the effect of displacing fluid viscosity in polymer and ASP flooding. Oilfield Chemistry 18 (4), 354-357. 

Yang, B., Feng, G.-B., 2001. Pilot test of polymer flooding in the Wangchang oilfield in Jianghan. Oil and Gas Surface Engineering 20 (3), 1-3. 

Myacide . [Angus] Antimicrobial for water treatment (recirculating cooling towers, process water), oilfield water-flooding operations, paper mill process water, deo rizing applies. 

A consequence of the use of advanced technology in oil production from a reservoir results in increase in the corrosivity of the oil production environment. The extent of corrosion increases because (i) oil, water, and gas are present in the field. Seawater or fresh water is injected downhole to drive oil out of formation. As time passes, the amount of water to the amount of oil increases and the degree of internal corrosion increases. Water injection from seawater or fresh water sources causes souring of oilfields with H2S and increases in corrosion rate. These water sources require biocide injection and deaeration to avoid the introduction of new corrosion pathways into the existing system. Tertiary recovery techniques involve miscible and immiscible gas floods that may contain as much as 100% CO2. This leads to high corrosivity of the fluids. 

Charles et al. (1985) observed that in oilfield waterflood systems, some attempts to use metallic salts and oxides as scavengers have resulted in the formation of undesirable solid, metallic sulfides. But both formaldehyde and acrolein are aldehydes and are the most frequently nsed chemical scavengers in oilfield waterflood operations. However, they noted that the best performance of these sulfide scavengers can be seen in surface cleaning operations such as the treatment of oilfield water-flood systems (Charles et al. 1985). 

John J. Meister, Huey Pledger, Jr., Thieo E. Hogen-Esch, George B. Butler, Retention of Polyacrylamide by Berea Sandstone, Baker Dolomite, and Sodium Kaolinite During Polymer Flooding, Proceedings of the Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry, Soc. Petrol. Eng., SPE Paper 8981, Stanford, CA 5/28-30/80. 

NAVRATIL, M., SOVAK, M. and MITCHELL, M. S., Diverting Agents for Sweep Improvements in Flooding Operations - Laboratory Studies, SPE 10621, presented at SPE Int. Symp. on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry, Dallas, Texas, January 1982. 

Application of Chemical Flood Processes in the Oilfield Hankensbiittel B. Maitin 3nd European EOR-Conference, Rome (1985)... 

Water-soluble polymers are used in many oilfield operations. These include drilling, polymer-augmented water flooding, and various enhanced oil recovery processes such as alkaline and micellar flooding. In enhanced oil recovery (EOR), the basic idea behind using these polymers is to reduce the mobility of the aqueous phase and, consequently, to improve the sweep efficiency. 

Krumrine, P. H. and J. S. Falcone, Jr., Surfactant, Polymer and Alkali Interactions in Chemical Flooding Processes, SPE 11778, presented at the International Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry held in Denver, CO, June 1-3 (1983). 

---