Of osteoporosis

Total synthesis of f-t -deoxypyiTobrine, a potential biochemical marker for diagnosis of osteoporosis, is shown in Eq 10 25 Osteoporosis is a cripphng degenerative bone disease that affects the aged populadon, particularly postmenopausff women... 

RGD analogs have been shown to inhibit the attachment of osteoclasts to bone matrix and to reduce bone resotptive activity in vitro. The cell surface integrin, av 33, appears to play a role in this process. RGD analogs may rq resent a new approach to modulating osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and may be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis [9]. 

Oral calcium has long been used for the treatment of osteoporosis, both in the form of dietary and pharmacological supplements. In patients with calcium deficiency, oral calcium at doses of 1000-1500 mg/day corrects a negative calcium balance and suppresses PTH secretion. Sufficient calcium intake is most important for the acciual of peak bone mass in the young, but is also considered the basis of most anti-osteoporotic regimens. In the elderly, supplementation with oral calcium and vitamin D reduces the risk of hip fracture by about 30 4-0%. 

A peptide hormone rapidly inhibiting osteoclast activity. The relevance of calcitonin in human calcium homeostasis is not well understood. Calcitonin has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although due to the availability of more potent drugs with less side effects, and the lack of clear data on the anti-fracture efficacy of calcitonin, its clinical use has been steadily declining. 

Fluoride stimulates bone formation by protein kinase activation mediated effects on osteoblasts. Fluorides have been used in the treatment of osteoporosis, but their anti-fracture effect is not undisputed. 

CA C1 C01.036 Cathepsin K Potential drug target for control of osteoporosis... 

A major regulator of bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is stimulated through a decrease in plasma ionised calcium and increases plasma calcium by activating osteoclasts. PTH also increases renal tubular calcium re-absorption as well as intestinal calcium absorption. Synthetic PTH (1-34) has been successfully used for the treatment of osteoporosis, where it leads to substantial increases in bone density and a 60-70% reduction in vertebral fractures. 

So far, it is not possible to give any recommendations concerning the vitamin C intake required for the prevention of osteoporosis, cataracts, cancer, or cardiovascular disease. 

Summary term for a number of steroid hormones and their precursors with differentiation-inducing activity in many tissues. As regards bone, three components are relevant cholecalciferol ( vitamin D ) 25-hydroxyvi-taminD3 (calcidiol) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol). The latter is the biologically active form and increases both intestinal calcium absoiption and bone resorption. Vitamin D preparations are widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Daily supplementation with vitamin D reduces bone loss in postmenopausal women and hip fractures in elderly subjects. 

The bisphosphonates are drags used to treat musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis and Fhget s disease. This chapter will discuss the use of these drugs in the treatment of osteoporosis. 

Alendronate, etidronate, and risedronate act primarily on the bone by inhibiting normal and abnormal bone resorption. This results in increased bone mineral density, reversing the progression of osteoporosis. 

Human somatotropin 191 amino acids E. coll Pituitary dwarfism Approved for sale If useful in treatment of osteoporosis then market size will be much larger Has additional methionine residue at N-terminus, but technology for removing this now available... 

Studies have demonstrated that treatment with soy or phytoestrogen enriched diets is effective in conserving bone in rodent models of osteoporosis (Anderson and Gamer, 1998 Ishimi et al, 2000 Draper et al, 1997). The mechanism of action of phytoestrogens on bone health is unclear but several mechanisms including inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of bone formation maybe involved (Fanti etal, 1998 Ishimi e/a/., 1999 Picherit eta/., 2000). Limited data from studies in postmenopausal women have indicated that phytoestrogen supplements have a small, beneficial effect on bone loss in the lumbar spine (Alekel et al, 2000 Potter et al, 1998 Somekawa et al, 2001). 

---