Of 4-ethylpyridine

Quinuclidine is not dehydrogenated by treatment with mercuric acetate, apparently because this process should go through a A 1-dehydroquinuclidinium salt, which violates Bredt s rule.2 34 Quinuclidine can be dehydrogenated only under vigorous conditions (300°) by treatment with palladium on carbon, or selenium.35 In these cases C-N bond fission with formation of 4-ethylpyridine take place. 

The mixture is distilled using an efficient fractionating column (Note 4). There is a large fore-run of chloroform, pyridine, and water (Note 5), after which the temperature rises and 145-167 g. of material, b.p. 145-165°/760 mm., is collected. This is refractionated, and 135-155 g. (33-38%) of 4-ethylpyridine, b.p. 163-165°/760 mm. 1.5010, is obtained (Note 6). 

Figure 5-15 shows how the retention of 4-ethylpyridine varies with pH. The greatest increase in retention occurred when trifluoroacetic acid and perchloric acid were employed. The phosphoric modifier did not increase the retention of the 4-ethylpyridine significantly at decreasing pH values. Therefore the trifluoroacetate and perchlorate had a greater influence than phosphate as chaotropic counteranions at any particular pH. It was shown that this chaotropic effect began to occur at pHs less than 3. At all pHs greater than 4 the retention factors of the basic compound were similar and were independent of what type of modifier was used in the mobile phase. 

Odink et al. (1992) intercalated the (hexagonal) layered SmSI-t] YbOCl with pyridine (py) to obtain 3R structure-type (py)o jYbOCl with a 7A increase in the interlayer separation. The additional increase in the interlayer separation upon intercalation of 4-ethylpyridine and IR spectroscopic data support the conclusion that the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen and the plane of the molecule are oriented perpendicular to the YbOCl layers. 

The kinetics of the coherent synchronous reactions of HP decomposition and oxidation of pyridine derivatives has been reported. Regioselective oxidation of the pyridine derivatives were studied and conditions have been optimized for the production of 4-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine oxide, 2,2 -dipyridyl, and pyridine. A probable synchronized reaction mechanism has been suggested for the decomposition of HP and the free radical chain oxidation of pyridine derivatives. It is suggested that the hydroperoxy radical (H02-radical) plays a key role in this reaction mechanism. The activation energy has been calculated for the elementary steps of the dehydrogenation of 4-ethylpyridine. Oxidation of formamidine disulfide with HP in acidic medium results in the formation... 

When pyridine is treated with zinc dust and acetic anhydride, a type of reductive coupling occurs and the product is diacetyltetrahydrodipyridyl (I) this undergoes a curious change on heating yielding pyridine and a new diacetyl compound, 1 4 diacetyl 1 4-dihydropyridine (II). The latter is reduced by zinc and acetic acid to 4-ethylpyridine (III). 

Neutralise the cold contents of the flask with 500-600 ml. of 40 per cent, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, equip the flask for steam distillation and steam distil until about 1 litre of distillate is collected. The steam distillate separates into two layers. Add solid sodium hydroxide (< 100 g.) to complete the separation of the two layers as far as possible. Remove the upper (organic) layer and extract the aqueous layer with three 50 ml. portions of chloroform. Dry the combined organic layer and chloroform extracts with anhydrous potassium carbonate and distil the mixture through a short fractionating column (e.g., an 8 Dufton column) after a fore run of chloroform, followed by pyridine, collect the crude 4-ethylpyridine at 150-166° (49 g.). Redistil through a Fenske-... 

Bis(alkyldithio-/selenocarbamates) of Zn(ID and Cd(II) have previously been used in many applications including the rubber industry 1 and in analysis,382 as well as for single-molecular precursors in the growth of II VI thin films by CVD, as described earlier.181,383 They have also been shown to be good precursors for the preparation of II VI nanoparticles, in a process that involves their decomposition in a high-boiling donor solvent such as tri-n-octylphosphine oxide or 4-ethylpyridine (Figure 47). 

Thomas, T. J. et al., Amer. Inst. Aero. Astron. J., 1976, 14, 1334-1335 Ignition temperatures were determined by DTA for the perchlorate salts of ethylamine, isopropylamine, 4-ethylpyridine, poly(ethyleneimine), poly(propyle-neimine), and poly(2- or 4-vinylpyridine). In contrast to the low ignition temperatures (175-200°C) of the polymeric salts, mixtures of the polymeric bases with ammonium perchlorate decompose only above 300°C. 

C-Alkylation of weakly activated methylpyridines to yield the isopropyl and tert-butyl derivatives (35-40%), which normally requires the use of strong bases, such alkyl lithiums, is earned out effectively using a phase-transfer catalyst and aqueous sodium hydroxide on the /V-methylpyridinium salts. The pyridines are regenerated by reaction with sodium acetate or sodium 4-toluenethiolate [134]. 3-Methylpyridine fails to react under these conditions and the synthesis of 2-ethylpyridines by this procedure is also unsuccessful. 

Kirsh et al. 42) prepared apolar derivatives of poly(4-vinylpyridine) by benzylation. With nitrophenyl acetate as the substrate the benzylated catalyst is 100 times more effective than 4-ethylpyridine. A double-displacement mechanism was observed. The rate constants for deacylation of the acylpoly(vinylpyridine) derivatives were about 4 x 10" /sec. The comparable value for a-chymotrypsin is 8 x 10 /sec. The factor of 20 seems small, but it should be kept in mind that deacetylation of a-chymotrypsin is very slow compared with the deacylation reactions involving the natural substrates of the enzyme. 

Ethylpyridine [536-75-4] M 107.2, h 168.2-168.3 , d 0.942. Dried with BaO, and fractionally distd. Purified by conversion to the picrate, recrystn and regeneration of the free base followed by distn. 4-Ethylpyridine-l-oxide [14906-55-9] M 123.1, m 109-110 . Crystd from acetone/ether. 

Ethyl n-propylmalonate, 486 Ethyl n-propyl ketone, 340 4-Ethylpyridine, 844 Ethyl 2-pyridylacetate, 931, 932 Ethyl salicylate, 783 Ethyl sulphite, 304 Ethyl -valerate, 382, 389 Ethyl vinylacetate, 382, 389 Ethylenediamine-adipic acid polymer, 1019,1025 Ethylene glycol, 285 Ethylene glycol, monoalkyl ethers of, 170, 444... 

Both unknowns,/B and /L, can be found provided two different resonance lines are observed and a separate equation written for each. Liang and Gay measured SL in an amine/BF3 complex and <5B in an amine/HCl system for 4-ethylpyridine as the probe. The low precision with which the various l3C chemical shifts were determined resulted in poor accuracy in the final calculation of /B and /L, but the method does have potential provided chemical shifts can be measured accurately. 

Isonicotinic acid (128) has been prepared from 4-picoline (19)192,193 or from 4-ethylpyridine (132).194-197 Using 4-ethylpyridine and a Pt anode resulted in higher yields.193 Platinum was slightly better for oxidizing 4-methylpyridine (19) but 132 was oxidized in good yield at a Pb02 anode.192,195 The conclusions reached in each of these separate reports seem to be unclear as to... 

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