Observation, time-delayed

Another difficulty is that a centrally mediated action would not explain the clinically observed time delay to the onset of the hypotensive effect. 

An alternative model, including a lag-time to allow for distributional effects embedded in the observed time delay of the onset of the effect after warfarin administration, was published by Pitsui et al. (1993). Setting the baseline value of clotting factor activity in the absence of warfarin (P0) to a fixed mean of three predose measurements, the program can estimate that parameter. 

Figure 5.77. The gradient-selected INEPT-INADEQUATE sequence for identifying carbon-carbon connectivities through proton observation (time delays in the sequence have been removed for clarity). The sequence selects for H- C- C fragments for which the gradient ratios are 1 —1 1. Despite the complexity of the sequence, its operation may be understood by recognising discrete, simpler segments within it that have defined roles to play, which in this case are INEPT and INADEQUATE steps.

In this chapter we have considered the dynamics of processes that cannot be described by simple transfer functions. Models for these processes include numerator dynamics such as time delays or process zeros. An observed time delay is often a manifestation of higher-order dynamics consequently, a time-delay term in a transfer function model provides a way of approximating high-order dynamics (for example, one or more small time constants). Important industrial processes typically have several input variables and several output variables. Fortunately, the transfer function methodology for single-... 

Figure Al.6,8 shows the experimental results of Scherer et al of excitation of I2 using pairs of phase locked pulses. By the use of heterodyne detection, those authors were able to measure just the mterference contribution to the total excited-state fluorescence (i.e. the difference in excited-state population from the two units of population which would be prepared if there were no interference). The basic qualitative dependence on time delay and phase is the same as that predicted by the hannonic model significant interference is observed only at multiples of the excited-state vibrational frequency, and the relative phase of the two pulses detennines whether that interference is constructive or destructive.

Observed sample retention time % flow rate shift Time delay... 

Figure 3-8 is a plot of Ca, Cb, Cq, and Cd for a hypothetical system of the Scheme X type. An interesting feature is the time delay after the start of the reaction before the final product, D, appears in significant concentrations. This delay in product appearance is called an induction period or lagtime. In order to observe an induction period it is only necessary that the system include several relatively stable intermediates, so that the bulk of the material balance is temporarily stored in these prior forms. An experimental measurement of the induction period requires an arbitrary definition of its length. 

Given the unexpected occurrence of anaphylaxis, the rapidity with which symptoms evolve after exposure to the trigger, and the observation that delay in epinephrine injection is associated with fatality [15, 16], randomized controlled trials of epinephrine in anaphylaxis will not be easy to conduct however, it is time to consider the possibility of performing such trials. Future directions with regard to studies of the optimal dose and optimal route of administration of epinephrine in anaphylaxis that do not involve a placebo control will be outlined at the end of this review [17]. 

Transient kinetic experiments have also been carried out to complement the information deduced from the steady-state measurements [33], Systematic variations were observed during the transition from the clean surface to the steady-state catalytic regime that correlate well with the overall reaction rates in the latter. Specifically, there is a time delay in the production of molecular nitrogen because of the need to buildup a threshold of atomic nitrogen coverage on the surface. This atomic nitrogen coverage, which could... 

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