Oaxaca

Biltz, J.A. 1995 Dietary Variability and Social Inequality at Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison. 

Kasting JF, Eggler D (2002) 13th International Conference on the Origin of Life, Oaxaca, abstr p 45... 

Cambridge University Press, p 241 Shapiro R (1996) Orig Life Evol Biosphere 26 238 Shapiro R (1999) Planetary Dreams. Wiley Sons, New York Shapiro R (2000) Orig Life Evol Biosphere 30 243 Shapiro R (2002) Book of Program and Abstracts, ISSOL-02 Oaxaca, p 60 Shapiro R (2007) Scientific American 296 624 Sievers D, von Kiedrowski G (1994) Nature 369 221 Sleeper HL, Lohrmann R, Orgel LE (1979) J Mol Evol 13 203 Szathmary E, Gladkih I (1989) J Theor Biol 138 55 Tjivikua T, Ballester P, Rebek J Jr (1990) J Am Chem Soc 112 1249... 

Brasier MD, Green OR, Jephcoat AP, Kleppe AK, VanKranendonk MJ, Lindsay JF, Steele A, Grassineau NV (2002b) Book of Program and Abstracts, ISSOL-02, Oaxaca, p 51 Brasier MD, Green OR, Lindsay JF, Steele A (2004) Orig Life Evol Biosphere 34 257... 

Stuart-Williams, H.L.Q., Schwarcz, H.P., White, C.D. and Spence, M.W. (1996). The isotopic composition and diagenesis of human bone from Teotihuacan and Oaxaca, Mexico. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 126 1-14. 

Oxygen isotopes, sometimes combined with carbon, nitrogen, strontium, and lead isotopic measurements, have been used to study the mobility of diverse human groups such as in Teotihuacan and Oaxaca, Mexico, dating from about 300 bc to ad 750 (Stuart-Williams et al. 1996), the Kellis 2 cemetery (c. ad 250) in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt (Dupras and Schwarcz 2001), and in Britain (Budd et al. 2003). 

Use of these mushrooms was well known to Native American civilizations in Central America. The Aztec referred to them as Teonanacatl, meaning "divine flesh," or "god flesh" and reserved them for use in religious ceremonies. Religious use of hallucinogenic mushrooms is also known to the Mazatec, Chinantec, Mije, Zapotec, and Mixtec of Oaxaca. The Mazatec still actively employ mushrooms in religious ceremonies, referring to them as Nti-si-tho. There is evidence that mushrooms were also used by the Maya. 

CA168 Zamora-Martinez, M. C., and C. N. P. CA179 Pola. Medicinal plants used in some rural populations of Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracuz, Mexico. J Ethnopharm-acol 1992 35(3) 229-257. CA180... 

Heinrich, M., H. Rimpler, and N. A. Barrera. Indigenous phytotherapy of gastrointestinal disorders in a lowland Mixe community (Oaxaca, Mexico) Ethnopharmacologic evaluation. J Ethnopharmacol 1992 36(1) 63—80. Liao, Z. K., J. Jiang, and X. P. Xu. The technical method for preparation of phytic acid and oryzenin. Huaxi Yaoxue Zazhi 1996 11(1) 46-70. Tokuyama, T. 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor from rice for therapeutic use. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-07 157,436 1993 7 pp. 

The botanical name Salvia divinorum means "Sage of the Diviners." Under the right conditions, taken in the right way. Salvia produces a unique state of "divine inebriation." For hundreds of years, it has been used in religious and healing ceremonies by the Mazatec Indians, who live in the province of Oaxaca, in Mexico. 

Unknown until recently, and still far from understood. In 1982, Alfredo Ortega and his associates isolated a bicyclic diterpene, C23 H28O8, from material gathered in Oaxaca and named it salvinorin. Another group, led by Leander Valdes at the University of Michigan, independently isolated the same compound and named it divinorum. Because Ortega published first, the name salvinorin has precedence. Neither author tested salvinorin for human activity, but recent tests by Daniel Siebert and others, myself included, have proved the psychoactivity of salvinorin beyond further doubt. 

An extremely rare cultigen, found only at a few locations In Oaxaca. There are specimens In botanical gardens, and In a few private collections, but lack of genetic diversity Is a concern. 

There are rumors that the seer s sage may grow wild on some of the less accessible plateaus in Oaxaca, but this is unconfirmed. Her people grow the plant beneath coffee trees, or along streams in ravines. They reportedly do not grow it next to their homes. 

Recent studies by Aaron Reisfield (Reisfield 1993) demonstrate that Salvia divinorum is not completely self-sterile, as had been assumed the plant can produce viable seeds, though very infrequently. Nor did Reisfield find any significant difference in the production of viable seeds from flowers pollinated from the same clone and those pollinated by plants collected from different localities. It is of course possible that there is little genetic difference between any specimens of S. divinorum, even those that today grow in widely separated areas in Oaxaca. 

Studies of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), an HallucinogenicMint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico Economic Botany 41(2)283-291. 

Un cultigeno veramente raro, trovato solo in poche localita in Oaxaca. Ve ne sono alcune specie nei giardini botanic e in qualche collezione privata, ma la mancanza di diversita genetica e un dato di fatto. 

Si dice che la salvia del veggente possa crescere selvaggia in qualche parte quasi inaccessibile d Oaxaca, ma non c e nessuna conferma. Il suo popolo la cresce sotto le piante del caffe o lungo i ruscelli nei burroni. A quel che si dice non la crescono vicino alle loro case. 

Mayer, K.H. (1977). Salvia divinorum. Ein Halluzinogen der Mazateken von Oaxaca, Mexiko. Ethnologia Americana 14 776-779. 

Salvia divinorum is used by the Mazatec Indians of northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico primarily for its psychoactive effects which aid in ritual divination (Wasson, 1962, 1963). It is also employed remedially to treat various health conditions (Valdes et al., 1983). 

Valdes, L.J. III., Hatfield, G.M., Paul, A.G.and Koreeda M. (1987) Studies of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), an hallucinogenic mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca. Central Mexico. Economic Botany 41(2), 283-291. 

The peak identified as salvinorin A (1) from authentic standard solutions was observed in extracts of leaves and stem from S. divinorum. In order to examine the concentration range of 1 found in various populations of S. divinorum, 20 different samples of leaves were collected from cultivated plants in private collections as well as endemic populations of the plant in Oaxaca. Representative... 

R. Gordon Wasson became atec Indians of Oaxaca as a... 

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