Oates Subject

An environmental protocol has been developed to assess the significance of newly discovered hazardous substances that might enter soil, water, and the food chain. Using established laboratory procedures and C-labeled 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we determined mobility of TCDD by soil TLC in five soils, rate and amount of plant uptake in oats and soybeans, photodecomposition rate and nature of the products, persistence in two soils at 1,10, and 100 ppm, and metabolism rate in soils. We found that TCDD is immobile in soils, not readily taken up by plants, subject to photodecomposition, persistent in soils, and slowly degraded in soils to polar metabolites. Subsequent studies revealed that the environmental contamination by TCDD is extremely small and not detectable in biological samples. 

In Bettolo and co-workers approach to (+)-methyl trachyloban-18-oate (16), enone 13 was subjected to a photocycloaddition with 1,2-propadiene (1) to afford the [2 + 2]-cycloadduct 14 as a single product in 67% yield (Scheme 19.3) [5]. The addition proceeded exclusively from the /3-face. The resulting exocyclic olefin was eventually converted to a ketone using osmium tetroxide and NaI04 and taken on to 15, constituting a formal total synthesis of 16. 

Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disease, triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by ingested gluten from wheat, rye, barley, and other closely related cereal grains. The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet for life. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on the safety of pure oats for individuals with celiac disease, which historically has been subject to debate. 

Janatu inert Randomized 92 CD subjects Not 11 subjects No serology (refer to Normal villous Most subjects tolerated oats in... 

Srinivasan Baseline 10 CD subjects 12 weeks 50 g/day Yes None No change in gliadin No morphological Oats are not toxic to celiac... 

Absence of oats toxicity in small bowel and suggest that the rash observed in DH subjects is not activated by eating oats... 

Janatuinen et al. (2000) ( continuation of Janatuinen et al, 1995) Randomized controlled Same study population Serum from 92 CD subjects 52 in remission 26 oats/26 control 40 new Dx of CD 19 oats/21 control 6 months 12 months Mean 49.9 14.7 g/day Mean 46.6 13.3 g/day Yes N/A Gliadin and Ret Abs not significantly different between oats and controls No increase in IELs among subjects in remission with and without oats IELs decreased among new Dx subjects with and without oats Results strengthen the view that most subjects tolerated oats in the amounts of 50-70 g/day in an otherwise GFD... 

Reference authors/ year Study design Number of subjects tested Study duration of oats added to a GFD Purity verified Withdrawal Clinical and lab tests biopsy findings after challenge Summary comments... 

Hollen et al. (2006b) ( continuation of Hogberg et al, 2004) Controlled Same study- 1 year population 87 subjects who completed original study sampled Urine from 39 CD subjects on GFD + oats Control Urine from 48 CD subjects on GFD Median 15 g/ Yes day (range 5-40 g/day)... 

Additionally same study population 10 CD subjects in remission who supplemented GFD with 50 g oats/day for 3 months normal histology Lactase was not expressed in samples from 9 subjects with active CD Lactase was expressed in samples from 10 CD subjects in remission who were challenged subjects... 

Picarelli et al. (2001) 13 treated CD subjects Immune responses of EM Abs produced in Oats appear to have no... 

Arentz-Hansen et al. (2004) ( continuation of Lundin et al, 2003) 9 CD subjects who had history of oats exposure ( 5/9 from same study population) Derivation of polyclonal T cell lines In vitro duodenal mucosal cultures were challenged with either pepsin or Avenin-reactive T cell lines recognized avenin peptides in the context of HLA-DQ2 A substantial proportion of the avenin-reactive T cell appears to be specific to avenin Some CD patients have avenin-reactive mucosal T cells that can cause mucosal inflammation... 

Srinivasan et al. (2006) continuation of Srinivasan et al., 1996) Same study population 10 CD subjects who supplemented GFD with 50 g oats/day for 3 months Immune responses of in vitro duodenal mucosal culture treated with Abs against HLA D-related, Ki-67, CD25, CD54, ICAM-1, and mast cell tryptase None of the patients developed clinical or lab evidence of adverse effects Distribution of intestinal HLA-DR expression was not affected Number of CD25 and tryptase positive cells was not altered Distribution and intensity of ICAM-1 staining unchanged No evidence of immune activation from oats supplementation... 

Kilmartin et al. (2006) 7 CD subjects Immune response of gliadin-reactive mucosal T cell lines to wheat, barley, rye, and oat-related cereals All 5 T cell lines demonstrated immunoreactivity to protein fractions from 4 related cereals Some cell lines reactivity to wheat, barley, and rye was evident only when cereal fractions were pretreated with tTG Confirms similar T cell antigenic reactivity of 4 related cereals... 

Measuring proliferation or cytokine production Despite oats stimulation of T cell lines, it did not activate a mucosal lesion in most subjects ... 

CD subjects oats (24 g/day (mean) 6 months minimum) and 54 CD subjects GFD without oats Control 139 non-CD subjects IgA to wheat gliadin, oats avenin, and tTG CD subjects adult CD patients can tolerate oats Ingestion of oats does not cause increased levels of IgA against oats in CD patients on GFD... 

The amount of oats included in the gluten-free diets ranged from 30 to 93 g for adults and from 15 to 45 g for children (Table 6.1). In a small number of adult subjects, the median amount of oats tested over a 2-year period was 93 g (up to 100 g/day) (St0rsrud et al., 2003a,b) and in one study (Holm et al., 2006) children ingested a median of 45 g (up to 81 g/day) oats daily for 2 years. 

The key limitations of the study designs are the duration of the study and the number of subjects. Since most studies conducted are short term, the potential effect of a lifetime exposure to oats requires further investigation. Long-term compliance to a gluten-free diet is one of the major difficulties in the management of celiac disease, and the collection of longterm data related to the consumption of oats is also very challenging. 

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