Nutritional effects, feeding

Mangan JL. 1988. Nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds. Nutr Res Rev 1 209-231. 

Formula or breast-feeding and age at initiation of solid foods Supplemental vitamin, mineral, or herbal intake Food allergies or intolerance Underlying pathology with nutritional effects... 

Svihus, B., Klovstad, K.H., Perez, V., Zimonja, O., Sahlstrom, S., Schuller, R.B., Jeksrud, W.K., Prestlokken, E. 2004. Physical and nutritional effects of pelleting of broiler chicken diets made from wheat ground to different coarsenesses by the use of roller mill and hammer mill. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117 281-293. 

In summary, one may conclude that physiological, pathological, and nutritional effects of feeding HEAR oils to experimental animals have been studied quite thoroughly. Most of the adverse effects can now be ascribed to... 

Matty A J, Lone KP (1985) Hormonal control of protein deposition. In Cowey CB, Mackie AM, Bell JG (eds) Nutrition and feeding in fish. Academic Press, London McMillan DN, Houlihan DF (1988) The effect of refeeding on tissue protein synthesis in rainbow trout. 

The observation that naphthalene feeding produced cataracts in rabbits suggested a relationship between mercapturic acid formation and sulfur amino acid metabolism in mammals, In the period between World Wars I and II, most advances in the biochemistrj of mei capturic acids were made through study of tlie nutritional effects produced by mercapturic acid precursors. During this period, the concept of mercapturic acids as... 

The nutrient sparing effect of antibiotics may result from reduction or elimination of bacteria competing for consumed and available nutrients. It is also recognized that certain bacteria synthesize vitamins (qv), amino acids (qv), or proteins that may be utilized by the host animal. Support of this mode of action is found in the observed nutritional interactions with subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds. Protein concentration and digestibiHty, and amino acid composition of consumed proteins may all influence the magnitude of response to feeding antibiotics. Positive effects appear to be largest... 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

This makes choline an important nutritional substance. It is also of great physiological interest because one of its esters, acetylcholine [51-84-3] appears to be responsible for the mediation of parasympathetic nerve impulses and has been postulated to be essential to the transmission of all nerve impulses. Acetylcholine and other more stable compounds that simulate its action are pharmacologically important because of their powerful effect on the heart and on smooth muscle. Choline is used clinically in Hver disorders and as a constituent in animal feeds. 

Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003 27 355-373. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC, et al. Enteral versus parenteral feeding Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 1992 215 503-513. 

As has been pointed out earlier in this chapter, the dietary consumption and historical medicinal use of carotenoids has been well documented. In the modern age, in addition to crocin, 3.7, and norbixin, 3.8, several carotenoids have become extremely important commercially. These include, in particular, astaxanthin, 3.6 (fish, swine, and poultry feed, and recently human nutritional supplements) lutein, 3.4, and zeaxanthin, 3.3 (animal feed and poultry egg production, human nutritional supplements) and lycopene, 3.2 (human nutritional supplements). The inherent lipophilicity of these compounds has limited their potential applications as hydrophilic additives without significant formulation efforts in the diet, the lipid content of the meal increases the absorption of these nutrients, however, parenteral administration to potentially effective therapeutic levels requires separate formulation that is sometimes ineffective or toxic (Lockwood et al. 2003). 

Zinc treatments had no effect on overall egg production, feed conversion, feed consumption, hatchability, or progeny growth to age 3 weeks. Zinc was elevated in eggs from hens fed the 2000 mg/kg diet, but chick performance and tissue zinc content were unaffected by maternal zinc nutritional status (Stahl etal. 1990)... 

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