Nutrition formulas

Enteral nutrition formulas (especially hyperosmotic formulas) Infectious... 

Caseinate salts found in enteral nutrition formulas may reduce bioavailability (mechanism not well delineated)... 

Vitamin K content of enteral nutrition formulas may affect pharmacological activity. Monitor and titrate dose to maintain therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR)... 

Medications with a decreased bioavailability if administered concomitantly with enteral nutrition formulas... 

Baydar, T, Aydin, A., Duru, S., Isimer, A., and Sahin, G. (1997), Aluminum in enteral nutrition formulas and parenteral solutions, Clin. Toxicol., 35, 277-281. 

Table 17.16 Total parenteral nutrition formula for horses ...

Shatsky F, McFeely EJ, Takahashi D. A table for estimating calcium and phosphorus compatibility in parenteral nutrition formulas that contain trophamine plus cysteine. Hosp Pharm 1995 30 690-692, 793. 

TABLE 139—2. Empirie Parenteral Nutrition Formulas for Patients with Organ Failure... 

Phosphorus can be omitted from the nutritional formula of patients receiving PN until the phosphorus level approaches normal (<5 mg/dL). It is prudent to monitor phosphorus concentrations daily and to add phosphorus in small doses once the serum concentration is below 4 mg/dL. Failure to do so can lead to severe hypophosphatemia (see Chap. 49) despite continued renal failure, especially in the patient treated with CRRT. Patients with persistently high serum phosphorus concentrations who have a functional gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be prescribed phosphate-binding therapy (see Chap. 44) and enteral feedings low in phosphorus to minimize the absorption of exogenous phosphorus. 

Temple KA, Smith AM, Cockram DB. Selenate-supplemented nutritional formula increases plasma selenium in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2000 10 16-23. 

Aqueous parenteral preparations can contain trace amounts of heavy metal ions in concentrations sufficient to catalyze oxidative reactions. Aqueous parenterals are produced with the use of Water for injection, which complies with the limit test for heavy metals (European Pharmacopoeia, 2002). This is, however, no guarantee for exclusion of metal ions. Heavy metal contamination brought into the formulation by excipients is also a problem, especially for sugars, phosphate, and citrate (Nema et al., 2002). Heavy metals may also be extracted from the container by the preparation (European Pharmacopoeia, 2002 see Section 14.3). Moreover, trace elements like zinc, copper, manganese, and chromium constitute important components in several parenteral nutrition formulas (Trissel, 2001). 

Several spedes are of commercial interest for the fish feed industry and as natural sources of PUFAs for health food and infant nutrition formulas. Health food applications focus on products containing eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while infant formulas contain arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA as PUFA components. EPA enriched products are mainly based on purified fish oils, whereas ARA and DHA are also produced microbially in an industrial scale. ... 

Caprylic/capric triglyceride PEG-4 esters bioavailability enhancer, vitamins nutritional formulas... 

Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate Propylene glycol dioctanoate Tricaprin carrier, vitamins animal feeds Corn (Zea mays) cob meal carrier, vitamins nutritional formulas Propylene glycol dicaprate carrier, w/o creams Shea butter (Butyrospermum parkii) carrier, w/o emulsions Shea butter (Butyrospermum parkii) carrier, wall board Pyrophyllite... 

Dolomite Mica Pentaerythrityl tetrabenzoate extender, colors nutritional formulas Propylene glycol dicaprate extender, construction prods. 

PEG castor oil PEG-25 castor oil PEG-40 castor oil Polysorbate 61 solubilizer, vitamins nutritional formulas Propylene glycol dicaprate solubilizer, vitamins oil-sol. 

Vitamin D has been analyzed in different food samples, including NIST 1849 (infant/adult nutritional formula), ready-to-eat cereal, bread, mushrooms, eggs, yogurt, cheese, fish, butter, milk (RTE infant formula), and premix (mixture of vitamins). After saponification with ethanol and potassium hydroxide, and sequential liquid-liquid extraction steps using ethanol, water, and n-heptane, the food samples were eluted through a disposable SPE silica gel column. The extracted samples were assayed using a methanol and ammonium formate gradient on a UPLC-MS/MS system equipped with an HSS Cjg UPLC (100 x 2.1 mm i.d., 1.8 pm particle size) column at 0.4 mL/min flow rate. The injection volume was 20 pL [92],... 

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