Numerals in names

Roman numerals in names denote charges on ions Arabic numerals in formulas tell the number of atoms or ions present per formula unit. 

I Roman numerals in names stand for charges, and subscripts in formulas represent numbers of atoms. 

Oxidation numbers are represented by Roman numerals in naming ions of metals with ions of more than one possible charge. 

In each case, identify the cations and their charges, based on periodic table group numbers or on oxidation states appearing as Roman numerals in names Ba, Ca, and Fe. Then identify the anions and their charges 0 , F, and Combine the cations and anions in the relative numbers required to produce electrically neutral formula units. 

Nearly all dye manufacturers use letters and numerals in the names of their products to define the hue. Thus B is blue G, yellow (gelb in German) or green R, red and Y, yellow. Numerals, ie, 2G (or GG), 3G, 4G, etc indicate, in this case, a successively yellower or greener shade. Occasionally, suffixed letters are used to feature other properties such as solubiHty, lightfastness, brightness, and use on synthetic fibers. 

There is one complication. As mentioned earlier, certain metals in the transition and post-transition series form more than one cation, for example, Fe2+ and Fe3+. To distinguish between these cations, the charge must be indicated in the name. This is done by putting the charge as a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the metal ... 

In naming the compounds of transition or post-transition metals, we ordinarily indicate the charge of the metal cation by a Roman numeral ... 

Perhaps the earliest hints of any numerical regularity among the atomic weights of the elements was discovered as early as 1817 by Dobereiner. He was the first to notice the existence of various groups of three elements, subsequently called triads, that showed chemical similarities. In addition, such elements displayed an important numerical relationship, namely that the equivalent weight, or atomic weight, of the middle element is the approximate mean of the values of the two flanking elements in the triad. 

In naming the derivatives of pentazenes, the numeration of the nitrogens of the open chain is in Roman numerals, I, II, III, IV and V the numeration of any substituent attached to the nitrogens is in Arabic numerals... 

The name of a monatomic cation is the same as the name of the element forming it, with the addition of the word ion, as in sodium ion for Na+. When an element can form more than one kind of cation, such as Cu+ and Cu2+ from copper, we use the oxidation number, the charge of the cation, written as a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the element. Thus, Cu+ is a copper(I) ion and Cu2+ is a copper(II) ion. Similarly, Fe2+ is an iron(II) ion and Fe3" is an iron(III) ion. As shown in Fig. C.6, most transition metals form more than one kind of ion so unless we are given other information we need to include the oxidation number in the names of their compounds. 

Oxidation state is a frequently used (and indeed misused) concept which apportions charges and electrons within complex molecules and ions. We stress that oxidation state is a formal concept, rather than an accurate statement of the charge distributions within compounds. The oxidation state of a metal is defined as the formal charge which would be placed upon that metal in a purely ionic description. For example, the metals in the gas phase ions Mn + and Cu are assigned oxidation states of +3 and +1 respectively. These are usually denoted by placing the formal oxidation state in Roman numerals in parentheses after the element name the ions Mn- " and Cu+ are examples of manganese(iii) and copper(i). 

Name compounds by applying the guidelines. The guidelines for naming binary compounds that contain metals differ from those for compounds containing no metal. Unless a metal forms only one stable atomic cation, its charge must be specified with a Roman numeral in parentheses. 

Larry Brewer, who coordinated the collection of much of the data presented in the case studies presented in this article. This study could not have been completed without the efforts of Michael Stephens, Fran Harper, Ron Mellot and Chuck Crabtree, and the analytical and ecotoxicology team members, who are too numerous to name individually. Land-owner cooperation was also essential in conducting this smdy. Their efforts are gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank Aldos Barefoot for critical editorial input and encouragement during preparation of the manuscript. 

Whereas the relationship of solute permeability with lipophilicity has been studied in a large number of in vivo systems (including intestinal absorption models [54,55], blood-brain [56 58] and blood nerve [59] barrier models, and cell culture models [60 62], to name just a few), numerous in vitro model systems have been developed to overcome the complexity of working with biological membranes [63-66]. Apart from oil-water systems that are discussed here, the distribution of a solute between a water phase and liposomes is... 

Not only is the choice of a uniform prior-prejudice distribution not sensible it also exposes the calculation to two main sources of computational errors, both connected with the functional form of the MaxEnt distribution of scatterers, and with its numerical evaluation namely series termination ripples and aliasing errors in the numerical sampling of the exponential modulation of mix). The next two paragraphs will illustrate these issues in some detail. 

Naming of the positive ion depends on whether the cation is monatomic (has one atom). If not, the special names given in Sec. 6.3.2 are used. If the cation is monatomic, the name depends on whether the element forms more than one positive ion in its compounds. For example, sodium forms only one positive ion in all its compounds—NaT Iron forms two positive ions—Fc2r and Fe,+. Cations of elements that form only one type of ion in all their compounds need not be further identified in the name. Thus, Na may simply be called the sodium ion. Cations of metals that occur with two or more different charges must be further identified. Fe(NO,)2 and Fe(NO,)3 occur with Fc2+ and Fe3 ions, respectively. If we just call the ion the iron ion, we will not know which one it is. Therefore, for monatomic cations, we use a Roman numeral in parentheses attached to the name to tell the charge on such ion. (Actually, oxidation numbers are used for this purpose, but if you have... 

After the ligands are named, the name of the metal is given next, with its oxidation state indicated by Roman numerals in parentheses with no spaces between the name of the metal and the parentheses. 

A The name of each of these ionic compounds is the name of the cation followed by that of the anion. Each anion name is a modified (with the ending ide ) version of the name of the element. Each cation name is the name of the metal, with the oxidation state appended in Roman numerals in parentheses if there is more than one type of cation for that metal. 

Many people, too numerous to name, assisted with the acquisition of the workplace scenes, including those pictured in the scenes and others. 

The periodic table arranges the elements in a way that shows many of their properties and relationships to each other.The horizontal rows are called periods, and the vertical columns are called groups.The groups, numbered 1 through 18, are Hsted at the top of each column right underneath in parentheses are former Roman numeral group names I through Vlll that are sometimes still used. Each element is represented by a letter symbol, with the fuU name printed at the top. The atomic number, which is the number of proto ns in the nucleus, is written above each element. 

The first four elements (see circled numerals in Figure 65-1) of the outpatient prescription establish the identity of the prescriber name, license classification (ie, professional degree), address, and office telephone number. Before dispensing... 

These ammonates differ in some respects from those obtained in the other two ways and have been extensively investigated by Werner. He calls them ammino salts and writes their formulas in the way just indicated. In naming them, he indicates the number of ammonia groups by Latin numerals, thus hexammino-cobalti nitrate = Co(NH3)6(N03)3 just as we similarly name the hydrate CaCl2-6H20 hexahydrocalcium chloride. 

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate ( nitropentaerythrite ) also has numerous trade names which are different in various countries PETN, Penthrite, Penta (English speaking countries), Pentrit, Niperyth, Nitropenta, NP (Germany), Pentryt, NP (Poland), Ten (U.S.S.R.). PETN was first obtained by the Rheinisch-Westfalische Sprengstoff A.G. in 1894 [1], by nitrating pentaerythritol. 

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