Reactor and related

Many examples of the application of radiotracers to environmental problems exist, and so we have selected only a few of the more interesting ones to discuss. Barry (1971) used 41 Ar, a short-lived gas found in reactor stack effluents, to trace the dispersion of stack effluent from the Chalk River nuclear reactor and relate it to conventional dispersion models. The 41Ar concentrations in the air at various distances from the emitting stack were measured by circulating the air through a counter consisting of layers of plastic scintillator. The (3 particles emitted in the decay of 41Ar were detected by the plastic scintillators. The detectors were... 

Fresh, filtered feedstock is heated together with hydrogen and recycle gas and charged to the downflow reactor from which the liquid product goes to fractionation after flashing to produce the various product streams. Each process type is basically similar to its predecessor (Figure 9-11) but will differ in the number of reactors. For example, modifications necessary to convert the Type II to the Type III process consist of the addition of a reactor and related equipment, while the Type III process can be modified to a Type IV process by the addition of a... 

Rates of catalytic reactions are obtained by measurement of the conversion of a key component, often the rate limiting reactant, in laboratory reactors and relating this to the amount of catalyst used and the amount or flow rate of reactants used, to obtain an intrinsic quantity, mols-1 amount-1. For practical application the mass or volume of a catalyst is most relevant as the amount but, for comparitive studies the amount of active phase on a supported catalyst, its specific surface area or the number of active sites may be preferred. In the latter case this yields the turnover frequency (TOF) [3], which is quite relevant for fundamental studies. The number of active sites is, however, usually hard to determine and the mass of the catalyst W will be used, resulting in a rate dimensions of mol s 1 kg-1. Other quantities are easily derived from this. 

To enable assessment of the feasibility of the BSR concept for a particular application, it is necessary to have an adequate mathematical model that describes the reactor performance in terms of pressure drop and reactant conversion. Ingredients of such mathematical models are relations that describe transport of momentum, mass, and heat in the reactor and relations that describe the kinetics of the reaction that is carried out. Furthermore, an estimate of the costs of structuring the catalyst is needed. 

Bhoje.S.B. et al - Commissioning of Fast Breeder Test Reactor, International Conference on fast reactors and related fuel cycles, Oct 28 - Nov 1,1991, Kyoto, Japan. 

L. Martin et al., "Leak before Break operating experience from European fast reactors". Proceedings of International conference on Fast reactor and related fuel cycles, FR-91,, Kyoto, Japan, Oct 28-Novl,1991. 

O.E. ADAMOV et al, "Two-circuit Steam-Generation Facility with Fast Lead-cooled Reactor". In Lead-cooled reactor. Proc. Intern. Conf. on Fast Reactor and Related Fuel Cycles. Kyoto, Japan, 1991. 

N. Ueda, A. Minato, N. Handa, Super-Safe, Small and Simple Reactor for the Global Energy Demand , Proc. of Int. Conf. on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles (1991) P5-7... 

Utilities are required for operation of the main process reactors and related units for pretreatment of raw materials and processing of the products, for safe and efiftcient operation of plant and treatment of effluents. Main utilities are electrical power, treated water, steam, dry air, heating fuels (mediums), nitrogen flushing for the chemical plant. 

Tapper RBetal (1991) Polonium hazards associated with lead bismuth used as a reactor coolant. In Proceedings of the international conference on fest reactors and related fuel cycles, vol IV, Kyoto, Japan, October 28—November 1 1991, pp 5-6 U. S. DOE Nudear Energy Research Advisory Committee and the Generation IV International Forum (2002) A technology roadmap for generation IV nudear energy systems, (http //www.ne.doe.gov/... 

Kinoshita, I. et al., "Development of Small Modular Double Pool Reactor for Early Realization of FBR Practical Application", Proceedings of the International Conference on Fast Reactors and related Furl Cycles (FR 91), Oct. 1991, 14.3. 

KOCHETKOV, L.A., et al., Operating experience on fast breeder reactors in the USSR, paper presented in the Int. Conf on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles, 28 October-1 November 1991, Kyoto, Japan. 

UEDA, N., MINATO, A., HANDA, N HATTORI, S Super-safe, small and simple reactors for the global energy demand, FR 91 (Proc. of Int. Conf on Fast Reactors and Related Cycles, Kyoto, Japan, Oct. 28-Nov. 1, 1991), Vol. IV, P5-7. HATTORI, S., MINATO, A., Passive safety feature in 4S plant, ICONE-2 (Proc. of 2" Int. Conf on Nuclear Engineering, California, March 21-24, 1993), pp. 631-637, ASME. 

Gregory C.V.G., Proc. Int. Conf. "Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles". 

Mauget, C., and Gilroy, J. Advanced Steam Generators for EFR. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles, Kyoto, Japan, October 1991, 1,9.8. 

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