Notochord

Fig. 2 Representative histological images of (a) bovine annulus fibrosus (H E staining), (b) bovine nucleus pulposus (H E staining), and (c) porcine notochordal cells (Alcian blue staining for GAGs with fast red nuclei stain)...

Hunter CJ, Matyas JR, Duncan NA (2003) The notochordal cell in the nucleus pulposus a review in the context of tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 9(4) 667-677... 

Wolfe HJ, Putschar WG, Vickery AL (1965) Role of the notochord in human intervetebral disk. I. Fetus and infant. Clin Orthop Relat Res 39 205-212... 

Cappello R et al (2006) Notochordal cell produce and assemble extracellular matrix in a distinct manner, which may be responsible for the maintenance of healthy nucleus pulposus. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31(8) 873—882, discussion 883... 

Erwin WM et al (2006) Nucleus pulposus notochord cells secrete connective tissue growth factor and up-regulate proteoglycan expression by intervertebral disc chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum 54(12) 3859-3867... 

Erwin WM et al (2009) The regenerative capacity of the notochordal cell tissue constructs generated in vitro under hypoxic conditions. J Neurosurg Spine 10(6) 513-521... 

Aguiar DJ, Johnson SL, Oegema TR (1999) Notochordal cells interact with nucleus pulposus cells regulation of proteoglycan synthesis. Exp Cell Res 246( 1) 129—137... 

Korecki CL et al (2010) Notochordal cell conditioned medium stimulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward a young nucleus pulposus phenotype. Stem Cell Res Ther 1(2) 18... 

Larvae, 21-days old 0.51 Notochord development inhibited during exposure for 7 days 38... 

Rasmussen, L.E. (1979) Some biochemical parameters in the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, ventricular and notochordal fluids. In J. McCosker and M. Lagios (Eds.), The Biology and Physiology of the Living Coelacanth. Calif. Acad. Sci. 134, 94-111. 

Stehr CM, Linbo TL, Incardona JP, Scholz NL (2006) The developmental neurotoxicity of fipronil notochord degeneration and locomotor defects in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Toxicol Sci 92 270-278... 

Body shape Somite morphology Notochord morphology Tad morphology Fin morphology Heart morphology Cardiovascular function Facial structure morphology Brain morphology... 

Masuda, T., Fukamauchi, F., Takeda, Y., Fujisawa, H., Watanabe, K., Okado, N., and Shiga, T. (2004). Developmental regulation of notochord-derived repulsion for dorsal root ganglion axons. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 25, 217-227. 

Somites similar without a notochord ventral nervous system.Phylum Annelida... 

Somites dissimilar with a notochord gill slits present sometime during the life history dorsal nervous system.—Phylum Chordata... 

Notochord A longitudinal elastic rod of cells which in the lowest vertebrates forms the supporting and stiffening axis of the body, and which occurs sometime during the embryonic phase of the higher vertebrates. 

Brunhilde speaks. Chordates have a stiff, dorsal supporting rod called the notochord. It organizes the nervous system. In later vertebrate development, the notochord becomes part of the vertebral column. ... 

Lancelet is the common name for about 25 species of simple marine animals, which are classified between invertebrates (animals without backbones) and vertebrates (animals, like humans, with backbones). They have a stiff dorsal rod and a notochord, but no vertebrae or heart. Around their mouths, cirri and tentacles move like a bag of nervous worms. They share the same ancestry as amphioxus, as evidenced by their embryonic tongue-barred gill slits. 

Animals are separated into thirty-five phyla, only the more common of which will be discussed here (see Table 5.1). All but the Chordata are invertebrates, animals that have no vertebral column (backbone) nor a notochord, the primitive beginnings of one. Invertebrates inhabit all types of water, they fly, they burrow, and they crawl on the ground. About 98% of all living animals... 

Chordata All extinct. Tunicates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Dorsal hollow nerve chord, notochord marine, freshwater and terrestrial... 

Vertebrates are those animals that have a backbone or a notochord, a primitive spine. Compared to the other animal phyla, there are relatively few species in the Phylum Chordata, only about 50,000. As humans and most of the animals associated with them are in this group, it is of interest beyond mere numbers. 

There are three subphyla within the Chordata. The first two are tunicates and amphioxus, both primitive, headless animals that will not be discussed here. The third group is the most highly developed and complex, the vertebrates or craniates (they have heads). The vertebrates have a segmented body, a cranium enclosing the brain, a heart, and a notochord or vertebral column. Other characteristics are not consistent, but most vertebrate species have bones of some kind, skin, at least two pairs of trunk appendages, and separate sexes. 

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