Nostoc commune

Ehling-Schulz M, Bilger W, Scherer S (1997). UV-B induced synthesis of photoprotective pigments and extracellular polysaccharides in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. J Bacteriol 179 1940-1945... 

MAAs have not been studied as extensively in freshwater as in marine species, but these compounds have been reported in freshwater cyanobacteria, microalgae, invertebrates, and chordates (fish).106 116 130-133 There may be several MAAs unique to freshwater organisms. Aqueous extracts from the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune contain a mixture of UV-absorbing compounds with two distinct chromophores that have maximum absorbance at 312 and 335 nm.134 135 These compounds are comprised of the usual mycosporine cyclohexenone ring structure however, it is... 

In 13 strains of cyanobacteria (from mostly freshwater and terrestrial habitats) grown under artificial UV (X,ma - 320 nm), MAA concentrations increase under UV exposure relative to controls under PAR alone (Table 15.5).132 A similar response occurs for MAAs in the sheath matrix of Nostoc commune.135,168 Additionally, the increased synthesis of extracellular MAAs is accompanied by an increased production of glycan that thickens the cellular sheath.168 In the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis sp UV irradiation is not an obligate requirement for MAA synthesis.56 MAA synthesis in this species is not constitutive but is induced by UVB or increased osmotic stress (see also Section II.A. 10). 

There is at least one report where the presence of scytonemin does not provide enhanced protection for UVB exposure. In Nostoc commune, the presence of extracellular MAAs provides substantial protection against the photobleaching of chlorophyll by UVB, but in strains that contain scytonemin and no MAAs, UVB exposure causes complete destruction of cellular chlorophyll.168 It is most probable that MAAs and scytonemin serve as complementary UV protectants and do not have sufficient overlap in their UV screening ranges to act as interchangeable filters. 

Bohm, G. A., Pfleiderer, W., Boger, P., and Scherer, S., Structure of a novel oligosaccharide-mycospo-rine-amino acid ultraviolet A-B sunscreen pigment from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 8536, 1995. 

Hill, D. R., Hladun, S. L., Scherer, S., and Potts, M., Water stress proteins of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria) are secreted with UV-A/B-absorbing pigments and associate with l,4-(3-D-xylanxyl-anohydrolase activity, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 7726, 1994. 

Strains studied were as follows Anabaena sp. PCC7120, Anabaena cylindrica IAM M-l, Anabaena variabilis IAM M-58, Anabaenopsis circularis IAM M-4, Nostoc muscorum IAM M-14, Nostoc linckia IAM M-30, Nostoc commune IAM M-13, Nostoc carneum IAM M-35, Cylindrospermum muscicola IAM M-32, Anabaena cylindrica UTEX B 629, Anabaena flos-aquae UTEX 1444, and Anabaena flos-aquae UTEX LB 2558. Anabaena sp. PCC7120 was kindly donated by Dr. Ohmori of the University of Tokyo. UTEX and IAM strains were obtained from the Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Texas and the Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, respectively. 

Compounds isolated from the genus Nostoc (order Nostocales, 73 compounds) have predominantly been isolated from unknown species (91%). Nostoc commune accounts for only 6% of the isolated compounds with Nostoc linckia, Nostoc muscorum, and Nostoc spongiaeforme, each responsible for about 1 %. 

R. F. Helm, Z. Huang, D. Edwards, H. Leeson, W. Peery, andM. Potts, Structural characterization of the released polysaccharide of desiccation-tolerant Nostoc commune DRH-1, J. Bacteriol., 182 (2000) 974-982 R. DePhillipis and M. Vincenzini, Exocellular polysaccharides from cyanobacteria and their possible applications, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 22 (1998) 151-175. 

Phenylpropanoid-type compounds have been isolated as the algal inhibitory constituents from the aquatic plant Acorus gramineus [92] using a filter paper-dish bioassay. It was noted that 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(E-3 -methyloxiranyl) benzene (10), l,2,4-trimethoxy-5-(Z-l -propenyl)benzene (11), l,2,4-trimethoxy-5-(E-3 methyloxiranyl)benzene (12), the three most abundant phenylpropanes isolated, were either inhibitory or not in each of the cyanobacterial strains tested which included Anabaena flos-aquae, Nostoc commune, and Synechococcus leopoliensis. 

There are several reports of enhanced phosphomonoesterase activity in response to increased calcium. Extracellular phosphomonoesterase activity of Calothrix parietina rose when calcium in the medium was increased from 0.1 to 1 mM, whereas surface phosphomonoesterase activity did not (Grainger et al., 1989). However, surface phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities of Nostoc commune UTEX 584 both increased when calcium in the assay medium was increased from 1 to 10 mM, while 10 mM magnesium was slightly inhibitory (Whitton et al., 1990) sodium and potassium had little effect over the range 0.001—10 mM. An increase in zinc from 0.001 to 0.1 mM halved surface phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities of N. commune. 

An increase in the chelator EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) in the assay medium of Nostoc commune from 1 to... 

Phosphodiesterase activity developed in response to increasing activity phosphorus limitation in Nostoc commune UTEX 584... 

Potts, M., Sun, H., Mockaitis, K., Kennelly, P.J., Reed, D. and Tonks, N.K. (1993) A protein-tyrosine/serine phosphatase encoded by the genome of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 7632-7635. 

Whitton, B.A., Potts, M., Simon, j.W. and Grainger, S.E.J. (1990) Phosphatase activity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc commune UTEX 584. Phycologia 29, 139-145. 

Xie, W.Q., Whitton, B.A., Duncan, L., jager, K., Reed, D. and Potts, M. (1989) Nostoc commune UTEX 584 gene expressing indole phosphate hydrolase activity in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 171, 708-713. 

Nostoc commune Chlorophyta (green) Chara vulgaris Chlorella ellipsoidea C. pyrenoidea C. vulgaris Cladophora rupestris Coelastrum proboscideum Enteromorpha compressa E. linza... 

CijHiiNOj, Mr 289.29, orange-colored powder, mp. 320 °C (decomp.). An unusual indole derivative from the terrestrial blue alga Nostoc commune. N. inhibits the formation of spindles during mitosis in sea urchin eggs. 

Ninomiya M, Satoh H, Yamaguchi Y, Takenaka H, Koketsu M. Antioxidative activity and chemical constituents of edible terrestrial algae Nostoc commune Vauch. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011 75(11) 2175—7. 

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