Anabaena flos aqua

Anabaena azollae Anabaena cylindrica Anabaena flos-aquae 0-anabasine [494-52-0] Anabasine [494-52-0] Anabolic steroids Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic treatment Anafranil... 

Anatoxins. Neurotoxins produced by filamentous Anabaena flos-aquae are called anatoxins (ANTXS) 15). Currently two anatoxins, from different strains of A. flos-aquae, have been isolated and at least partially characterized. ANTX-A from strain (single filament isolate) NRC-44-1 is the first toxin from a freshwater... 

Figure 1. Left Anatoxin-a (ANTX-A) hydrochloride. Produced by the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1. Right Anatoxin-a(s). Produced by the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17. Bottom Aphantoxin-I (neosaxitoxin) and Aphantoxin-II (saxitoxin) produced by certain strains of the filamentous cyanobacterium Aphantomenon flos-aquae.

Algal blooms in fresh water ponds occasionally poison livestock and waterfowl. Axenic cultures of Anabaena flos-aquae NRC 44-1 were shown to produce the toxic principle (5) which can be present in the algae and in the water of mature cultures (6). The discovery of the toxin was fortuitous in the sense that AChR agonists do not have a (known) constructive function in the algae evolution of the synthetic pathway was likely a by-product of metabolic pathways in the algae. The compound became evident only through its toxic effects on other organisms. 

Alteromonas species producing sodium channel blockers, 80r,82 Anabaena flos-aquae neurotoxins, 88 toxic principle, 108 Analyses, definition, 43 Anatoxin(s) isolation, 88 types, 88,91 Anatoxin a... 

Parsons and coworkers [174] have published a route to anatoxin-o, which was isolated from strains of freshwater blue-green algae Anabaena flos aqua and is responsible for the death of livestock, waterfowl, and fish [175]. The sequence started... 

APHA Selenastrum capricornutum, Species-dependent Microcystis aeruginosa, between 103 and Anabaena flos-aquae, 50 X 103 Cyclotella sp. Nitzschia sp. Synedra sp. APHAb Growth rate 24 2 32-65 pmol m 2 s 1... 

Other Peptide Toxin Producing Cyanobacteria. No other cyanobacteria genera have been analyzed for the presence of toxic peptides. Based on toxicity signs however it is thought that peptide toxins are present in certain isolates of Anabaena flos-aquae (J) and Oscillatorla agardhil (9,17). 

Alkaloid Toxins. Only one alkaloid toxin has been chemically defined from the cyanobacteria. This is the secondary amine, 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo (4-2-1) non-2-ene, called anatoxin-a. It is isolated from the filamentous strain Anabaena flos-aquae NRG-44-1 (18,19). 

Two other suspected alkaloid producing cyanobacteria strains, Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5, are now being studied. The toxin of flos-aquae NRC-525-17 (anatoxin-a(s)) is thought to have CNS stimulating properties (7) and that of Aph. flos-aquae NH-5 (aphantoxin) is thought to produce the paralytic shellfish poisons saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin (Fig. 1)... 

Figure 1. Structure of anatoxin-a from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1, saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin. Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin is produced by certain species of marine algae and by the freshwater cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5.

W.W. Carmichael, D.F. Biggs and P.R. Gorham, Toxicology and pharmacological action of Anabaena flos-aquae toxin, Science, 187 (1975) 542-544. 

The distribution of PolyPs between different fractions in cyanobacteria depends on culture age and growth conditions. For example, in Anabaena flos-aquae phosphorus is stored in different fractions depending on the nitrogen source. Under N2 fixing conditions, P is stored as sugar P, whereas with nitrate as the N source it is stored as PolyP (Thompson et al., 1994). 

Anatoxin-a is a toxic alkaloid occurring in the filamentous blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae and has been responsible for fatalities amongst livestock and wildlife. Mass and n.m.r. spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis of its N-acetyl derivative, pointed to structure and absolute stereochemistry (12) for ana-... 

Anatoxin-a(s)] Anabaena flos-aquae AChE (forms covalent... 

Anatoxin-a(s) is produced in both Anabaena flos-aquae [56] and Anahaena lemmer-mannii [57]. The symptoms of anatoxin-a(s) intoxication are similar to those of anatoxin-a but cause increased salivation in vertebrates hence, the similarity in the names of these compounds with the (s) added to indicate salivation [18]. The structures, however, are quite different, as are the mechanisms of action. 

Anatoxin-a is a natnrally occnrring nenrotoxic alkaloid, prodnced by several strains of cyanobacteria. Originally, the species, Anabaena flos aquae, was the sonrce of the toxin, which was conse-qnently named anatoxin-a. Since its isolation (Devlin et al. 1977) and characterisation as a (lA,(5A)-2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane (Hnber et al. 1972 Koskinen and Rapoport 1985) in the 1970s, anatoxin-a (1 Fig. 7.1 A) has stimnlated the scientific commnnity worldwide. While synthetic chemists devised methods for the constmction of the novel 9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane ring system, medicinal chemists were intrigned by its powerful biological activity. 

Devlin, J.P., Edwards, O.E., Gorham, P.R., Hunter, N.R., and Stavric, B. 1977. Anatoxin-a, atoxic alkaloid from anabaena-flos-aquae NRC-44H. Can J Chem 55, 1367-1371. 

Canada Anabaena flos-aquae AN Cattle, dogs Gorham 1964 Carmichael et at 1975... 

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