Norsk Hydro plant

Kongshaug G., Bockman O.C., Kaarstad O., Morka H. Inputs of trace elements to soils and plants. Proceeding of Chemical Climatology and Geomedical Problems. Norsk Hydro, Oslo, Norway, 1992. 

Recent studies have addressed the combustion of natural gas with pure oxygen, highly diluted with exhaust gases (CO2 and H2O) in order to mitigate both NO and CO2 emissions from power plants. The so-called oxy-fuel combustion includes an air separation unit, which delivers O2 to the catalytic stage, where it is mixed with natural gas and the exhaust recycle stream. An example is the Advanced Zero Emission GT, first jointly studied by Norsk Hydro and ABB Alstom Power [28-31]. 

If only operated during low off-peak rate times would have low ann load factor need more expensive H2 storage Assume Hydrogn Systems Electrolysis at 150 psig pressure, Norsk Hydro Stuard systems are low pressure Assumed oxygen recovery for by-product sales with large central plant case, but only minor economic impact... 

KOH systems have historically been used in larger-scale applications than PEM systems. Electrolyzer Corporation of Canada (now Stuart Energy) and the electrolyzer division of Norsk Hydro have built relatively large plants (100 kg/hour and larger) to meet fertilizer production needs in locations around the globe where natural gas is not available to provide hydrogen for the process. 

Optimisation of Equipment Cost to Minimise Operation and Investment for a 300 MW Electrolysis Plant. A collaborative report prepared by Norsk Hydro Electrolysers AS and Electricite de France, Direction des Etudes et Recherches, Notodden, Norway and Moret sur Loing, France, (1994). 

B. E. Eliassen, Norsk hydro electrolyzers electrolyzer hydrogen plant 485 Nm3/h hydrogen. Norsk Hydro Electrolyzers, AS, Aug. 8, 2002. 

A cascade like Fig. 12.12, in which no attempt is made to reprocess the partially depleted tails streams leaving each stage, will be called a simple cascade. In a simple cascade the feed stream for one stage is the heads stream from the next lower stage of the cascade. This type of cascade connection is used in the lower stages of the Norsk Hydro electrolytic heavy-water plant where the tails streams have too little deuterium to warrant processing for deuterium recovery. The theory of such a cascade is developed in Sec. 6. 

Such cascades are only sensible in cases where the retentate is practically worthless. Norsk-Hydro, for example, is operating an electrolysis-heavy-water-production-plant where the deuterium is separated in a cascade without reflux (at least in the lower part of the cascade). Figure 6.14 illustrates the principle of a cascade without reflux. 

Acquiring a suitable moderator looked more difficult. The German scientists favored heavy water, but Germany had no extraction plant of its own. Harteck calculated at the beginning of the year that a coal-fired installation would require 100,000 tons of coal for each ton of heavy water produced, an impossibility in wartime. The only source of heavy water in quantity in the world was an electrochemical plant built into a sheer 1,500-foot granite bluff beside a powerful waterfall at Vemork, near Rjukan, ninety miles west of Oslo in southern Norway. Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk Kvaelstofaktieselskab produced the rare liquid as a byproduct of hydrogen electrolysis for synthetic ammonia production. 

Norsk Hydro was a prime German objective and there was heavy fighting around Rjukan, which held out until May 3, the last town in southern Norway to surrender. Then a management under duress reported to Paul Harteck that its heavy-water facility, the Vemork High Concentration Plant, could be expanded to increase production of the ideal neutron moderator to as much as l.S tons per year. 

The Norsk Hydro hydrogen electrolysis plant at Vemork, Norway, produced heavy water for German uranium research until disabled by Allied bombing. 63. The ferry Hydro on Lake Tinnsjd, Norway, sunk by commandos while carrying the last Norsk Hydro heavy water to Germany. 

Three single-stage hemihydrate processes have been ip use in commercial-scale plants. They are the Norsk Hydro Licensing (formerly Fisons Fertilizer) Process, Prayon Process, and the Occidental Process. Average process inputs for hemihydrate processes are shown in Table 11.20.. 

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