Normalized salt passage

EPFa t CFCS t STCFa EPF5 CFCa STCFs 

EPF = average permeate flow divided by the membrane modules number of 

STCF = salt transport temperature correction factor membrane manufacturer) (from 

Normalized salt passage is generally not used as the primary indicator of when to clean membranes. This is because normalized product flow and/or differential pressure drop (see below) will usually indicate problems with the membranes before product quality becomes an issue. However, normalized salt passage should be used in conjunction 

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Case Normalized Permeate Flow Normalized Salt Passage Normalized Differential Pressure Location Probable Causes... 

Normalized salt passage -Cleaning required Normalized permeate flow... 

Year Cost normalized (1980 US ) Productivity normalized (to 1980) Reciprocal salt passage normalized (to 1980) Figure of merit ... 

Virtually all normalization programs will calculate the normalized permeate flow, normalized salt rejection and/or passage, and differential pressure (some programs normalize it, some do not). Some programs also include net driving pressure as an output as well as the following outputs ... 

Normalizaed Salt Passage Cleaning Required Normalized Permeate Flow... 

On prolonging the passage of sulphur dioxide the salt dissolves and the acid sulphite, Fe(HS03)2 is produced in solution. The normal salt is re-deposited on boiling, but the solution now contains ferrous thiosulphate in consequence of the reaction between a portion of the dissolved acid salt and sulphur produced by hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide inter-reacting. Thus —... 

The base-catalysed racemization of the alkaloid (-)-hy oscy amine to ( )-hyoscyamine (atropine) is an example of enolate anion participation. Alkaloids are normally extracted from plants by using base, thus liberating the free alkaloid bases from salt combinations. (—)-Hyoscyamine is found in belladonna Atropa belladonna) and stramonium Datura stramonium) and is used medicinally as an anticholinergic. It competes with acetylcholine for the muscarinic site of the parasympathetic nervous system, thus preventing the passage of nerve impulses. However, with careless extraction using too much base the product isolated is atropine, which has only half the biological activity of (—)-hyoscyamine, since the enantiomer (+)-hyoscyamine is essentially inactive. 

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