Nonylphenol Molecular weight

Linear novolac resins prepared by reacting para-alkylphenols with paraformaldehyde are of interest for adhesive tackifiers. As expected for step-growth polymerization, the molecular weights and viscosities of such oligomers prepared in one exemplary study increased as the ratio of formaldehyde to para-nonylphenol was increased from 0.32 to 1.00.21 As is usually the case, however, these reactions were not carried out to full conversion, and the measured Mn of an oligomer prepared with an equimolar phenol-to-formaldehyde ratio was 1400 g/mol. Plots of apparent shear viscosity versus shear rate of these p-nonylphenol novolac resins showed non-Newtonian rheological behavior. 

Table 5.1 Effect of water on polyethylene glycol (PEG) content and molecular weight (MW) of nonylphenol 9 ethoxylate (NP9)...

It is well documented that in many respects PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers behave like non-ionic surfactants [e.g. 225], This is also true for the interactions in foam films. The disjoining pressure isotherm in Fig. 3.39 is very much like that obtained earlier with foam films from nonylphenol eicosaoxyethylene ether (NP(EO)2o) [172], In both cases the isotherm is reversible, monotonously increasing (the barrier mechanism typical for low molecular weight surfactants is not observed) and its slope increases with decreasing film thickness. These features seem to be characteristic of surfactants having long PEO chains as already suggested in [172],... 

Polyfunctional polycondensates were prepared from formaldehyde and a mixture of two different low molecular weight stabilizers, e.g. of 2-hydroxybenzophenone or its derivatives with various 4-alkylphenols [170], e.g. stabilizer 133 (a combination of LS and AO), of a phenol with benzoxazole [171] or 4-nonylphenol and... 

Figure 3.11 Variations of optimum salinity (5) as a function of the temperature (7) for an anionic surfactant (0 wt.% Nl), a non-ionic (100 wt.% Nl) surfactant and their mixtures. The systems contain equal amounts of water and n-heptane, 3 wt.% 2-butanol and 1 wt.% surfactant mixture (Nl + Al). Nl, polyethoxylated nonylphenol with an average of 6.5 ethyleneoxide units Al, petroleum sulphonate sodium salt with an average molecular weight of 420 g/mol.

A large number of monocyclic derivatives from 4-tert-butylhenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol result by formal electrophilic substitution. Rather uniquely, as mentioned earlier, reaction with formaldehyde can be effected under either acidic or alkaline conditions (ref.55). From the initial monocyclic hydroxymethyl intermediate the products obtained are linear as opposed to cross-linked polymers and due to their lower molecular weight possess oil-solubility.. They have been extensively empoyed in surface compositions in conjunction with a triglyceride drying oil. 

Figure 2. Fluorescence spectra of aqueous POE solutions containing 8 anili-nonaphthalene-1 Sulfonate (ANS, 2 x 10 M) probe. Hydrophobe capped derivatives were synthesized according to Scheme I. Key +, unmodified POE of 26,000 molecular weight , nonylphenol hydrophobe (referred to as NPIP EtO)s95lPNP in the text) , C14H29 hydrophobe.

As an examine of the use of a higher molecular weight aromatic, 4-nonylphenol reacts with dUferent ratios of paraformaldehyde in cyclohexane using sulfuric acid as catalyst to form 4-nonylphenol methanal resins. The polymers have (tilferent molecular weight and shear viscosity depending on the synthesis ratio of methanal to n-nonylphenol, as shown in Figure 8. 

The 4-nonylphenol methanal resin fiom a methanal/phenol mole ratio = 0.67 reaction is a solid product with an average molecular weight of 1400 g mole, as determined in hexane by cryoscopy. Rheological investigation of all of the resins showed a non-Newtonian rheological behavior [122]. 

Molecular Weight and Shear Viscosity of 4-Nonylphenol Methanal Prepolymers Synthesized by Acidic Catalysis in Cyclohexane at 80°C as a Function of the Ratio Methanal/4-Nonylphenol (data from ref [122])... 

The products tested were a high propylene oxide polymer of molecular weight 7500, a block copolymer of molecular weight 3700, a mixture of ethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide polymer of molecular weight 3100, a nonylphenol resin surfactant of molecular weight 2000, and a nonylbutyl phenol surfactant of molecular weight 400. 

Capek and Chudej [87] studied the emulsion polymerization of styrene stabilized by polyethylene oxide sorbitan monolaurate with an average of 20 monomeric units of ethylene oxide per molecule (Tween 20) and initiated by the redox system of ammonium persulfate and sodium thiosulfite. It is interesting to note that the constant reaction rate period is not present in this polymerization system. The maximal rate of polymerization is proportional to the initiator and surfactant concentrations to the -0.45 and 1.5 powers, respectively. The final number of latex particles per unit volume of water is proportional to the initiator and surfactant concentrations to the 0.32 and 1.3 powers, respectively. In addition, the resultant polymer molecular weight is proportional to the initiator and surfactant concentrations to the 0.62 and -0.97 powers, respectively. Some possible reaction mechanisms may explain the deviation of the polymerization system from the classical Smith-Ewart theory. Lin et al. [88] investigated the emulsion polymerization of styrene stabilized by nonylphenol polyethoxylate with an average of 40 monomeric units of ethylene oxide per molecule (NP-40) and initiated by sodium persulfate. The rate of polymerization versus monomer conversion curves exhibit two nonsta-tionary reaction rate intervals and a vague constant rate period in between. 

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