Nonsugars

Physical piopeities of suciose aie summarized ia Table 2. Sucrose is one of the purest substances available in bulk quantities, with purities averaging — 99.96%. Water accounts for about half of the nonsugar impurities (17). 

Refractive Index. The refractometric value of sugar solutions is used as a rapid method for the approximate determination of the soHds content (also known as dry substance), because it is assumed that the nonsugars present have a similar influence on the refractive index as sucrose. Measurement is usually carried out on a Brix refractometer, which is graduated in percentage of sucrose on a wt/wt basis (g sucrose/100 g solution) according to ICUMSA tables of refractive index at 20.0°C and 589 nm. Tables are available that give mass fraction corrections to refractometric values at temperatures different from 20°C. 

In addition to the mechanism involving cycHc AMP, nonsugar sweeteners, eg, saccharin and a guanidine-type sweetener, have been found to enhance the production of another second messenger, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), causing the closure of potassium channels and the release of... 

SUGAR REFINERY A processing facility in which nonsugar impurities are removed from raw sugar to produce a variety of sugar products. 

Negative public reaction to the FDA ban. Consumers tried to stock up saccharin products against the coming ban diabetics lobbied Congress to reverse the ban (no other nonsugar sweetener available at that time) consumers asked for a warning label on the product instead... 

Kimura, Y., H. Okua, N. Shoji, T. Taemto, and S. Arichi. Effects of nonsugar fraction in black sugar on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Part II. New compounds inhibiting elevation of plasma insulin. Planta Med 1984 1984(5) 469-473. 

Natural sugar frameworks offer unique platforms for chemical manipulation and conversion into sugar or nonsugar target molecules. The following six chapters offer some of the most useful methods for functionalizing sugar molecules. 

Occurrence in nature of branched-chain carbohydrates has prompted interest in the syntheses of these complex structures and stimulated the preparation of analogues for biological evaluation. Consequently, new methods for the construction of these particular skeletons have been devised [1]. The use of carbohydrates as a cheap source of chiral starting materials [2-4] for the synthesis of complex, nonsugar molecules has prompted the emergence of new imaginative methods for formation of carbon-carbon bonds adapted to the particular reactivity of sugar moieties. 

For the total synthesis of aminodeoxy sugars from nonsugar precursors, it is logical to turn to amino acids as primary sources of chiral templates. The challenge is to find innovative and stereocontrolled methods of chain extension reactions that lead to higher-carbon aminodeoxy sugars. 

PART VH TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS FROM NONSUGARS 593... 

A series of 36 plants showed only two that form no glucosides when sucrose is injected into the leaves. In the two exceptions, the sucrose was converted into nonsugars. Phosphorylation uncouplers (2,4-dinitrophenol, iodoacetate, and the like) did not affect o-glucoside formation.226... 

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