Non surfactants

Parallel studies on the cycloadditions of non-surfactant dienes 106 and 107 and the dienophile 108 (Figure 4.4), analogs of 97,103 and 98-100, respectively, show that the regioisomer adducts were, in this case, obtained in equal amounts, supporting the idea that orientational effects in micelles promote the regioselectivity of a Diels-Alder reaction of a surfactant diene and a surfactant dienophile. 

A non-surfactant templating route to mesoporous silica materials. Advanced Materials, 10, 313—316. 

The second and third steps involve successive additions of the pyrazine and non-surfactant water soluble metalloporphyrin complexes to the template submerged in the aqueous phase (Steps 2 and 3, respectively). The two-layered assembly is then removed from the water through a protective monolayer of stearic acid to prevent disruption of the film structure (Step 4). If instead of removing the assembly in Step 4, Steps 2 and 3 were successively repeated, multi-layered assemblies having the essential features described in Figure 1 might be realized. 

Miyake, M., et al. 1984. Rectal absorption of lysozyme and heparin in rabbits in the presence of non-surfactant adjuvants. Chem Pharm Bull 32 2020. 

Figure 2. Distributed rate model simulations of the data obtained from the two CFSTRs flushed with the non-surfactant solutions.

Figure 6. Calculated percentages (based on distributed rate model optimal simulations) of TCE removed from the CFSTRs flushed with the non-surfactant solution, the 30 mg/L Triton X-100 solution, the 300 mg/L Triton X-100 solution, and the 3,000 mg/L Triton X-100 solution. The removal profiles shown are averages of the replicate experiments.

For the ionic surfactant solution in the presence of electrolyte containing non-surfactant counterion, the surface activity can be quantified with eqn 2.4. The more complicated Gibbs... 

Memi oglu, E., Bochot,A., en, M., Duchene,D., and Hincal,A. A. (2003),Non-surfactant nanospheres of progesterone inclusion complexes with amphiphilic 6-cyclodextrins, Int. J. Pharm., 251,143-153. 

Of considerable interest also is the effect that surfactant has on the position of the various tt optima for the Foxtail and Wild Mustard activity surfaces (see Figures 2 and 3). Table XI shows that 7r0 for the para-TFMS derivatives acting on Foxtail in the absence of surfactant is tt0 = +0.16, while in the presence of Tween 80 it is shifted to tt/ = —0.77. Referring now to Figure 6, note that the 7r0 value for the para substituents in the non-surfactant case falls between the tt values for the 4-F- and 4-OCH3—TFMS substituents. In the presence of surfactant, the tt optimum is shifted toward more hydrophilic substituents and is now located between the 7r values of the 4-OCH3- and 4-SOjCH3- substituents. 

Rectal absorption of drugs from aqueous or alcoholic solutions is generally much faster than from suppositories. Non-surfactant adjuvants, such as salicylates, increase rectal absorption of water-soluble drugs and also of high molecular weight compounds, such as insulin, heparin, and gastrin. 

Table 4 lists non-surfactant excipients that have been previously approved for use in MDIs by the U.S. FDA. The maximum concentration listed in Table 4 (and other related tables) was obtained from this source however, the excipients in given products were obtained from their respective drug monographs. Given the independent sources of this information, it is impossible to determine if the cited concentration correlates to a particular product. Citing ethanol as an example, note that although the maximum approved concentration is 34.5%, it would greatly decrease the performance of a MDI, and likely no newer formulation... 

S-210. (Procter Gamble] Soya fatty add intermediate for mfg. of soaps, antics, esters, surfactant and non-surfactant applies. 

Potentiometric determination of surfactants is performed using various surfactant-selective electrodes. The procedure consists of dipping a surfactant-selective electrode into the test solution, measuring the electrode potential, and determining the concentration from voltage data via the Nemst equation. The response ofthe surfactant-selective electrodes varies day by day and is effected by different non-surfactant ions. For these reasons potentiometry is most often used as a technique for the determination of titration end-points rather than for the direct measurement of potential. One must also be aware that surfactant-selective electrodes can be used reliably only below the critical micellization concentration (CMC, see Chapter VI,3) of a surfactant. 

Finally, surfactants that, in a controlled way, break down into non-surfactant products may find use in... 

Following Wei s approach, the traditional, non-surfactant templated process was modified to include a low volume shrinkage process, which involved degassing and buffering of the hydrolyzed sol prior to addition of OPAA since the traditional method yielded samples that exhibited very low activity (data not shown). As the sample dried from the time it was prepared, the activity decreased (Figure 1). Each component of the sample preparation process was analyzed, and it was found that the presence of methanol, a by-product of the sol hydrolysis of the silicate materials, affected OPAA activity (data not shown) by possibly denaturing the enzyme. Hence, the procedure was modified to minimize this denaturing effect and be more biocompatible. 

Boonyasuwat et al. (2003) suggested a multi-stage foam separation process based on surfactant waste streams to not only concentrate surfactants but also use foam fractionation to remove non-surfactant components from the effluent. With the developed process, anionic and cationic surfactant foam can be concentrated, liquefied and recycled. 

Nidtihata, T., Rytting, J. H., Higuchi, T., and Caldwell, L., 1981b, Enhanced rectal absorption of insulin and heparin in rats in the presence of non-surfactant adjuvants, J. Pharm. Pharmacol.33 ii4-ii5. 

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