Non-ionic surfactant vesicles niosomes

Arunothayanun, P., et al. 2000. The effect of processing variables on the physical characteristics of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) formed from a hexadecyl diglycerol ether. Int J Pharm 201 7. 

Uchegbu, I.F., and A.T. Florence. 1995. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) Physical and pharmaceutical chemistry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 58 1. 

The self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants into vesicles was first reported in the 1970s by researchers in the cosmetic industry. Since then, a number of groups worldwide have studied non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) with a view to evaluating their potential as drug carriers. Niosomes are formed from the self-assembly of non-ionic amphiphiles in aqueous media resulting in closed bilayer... 

Azmin MN, Florence AT, Handjani-Vila RM, et al. The effect of non-ionic surfactant vesicle (niosome) entrapment on (he absorption and distribution of methotrexate in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 1985 37 237-242. 

Baillie AJ, Coombs GH, Dolan TF, et al. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, niosomes, as a delivery system for the anti-leishmanial drag, sodium stibogluconate. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986 38 502-505. 

Baillie, A.J. et al.. The preparation and properties of niosomes-non-ionic surfactant vesicles, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 37, 863, 1985. 

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles. They have been used to develop a vaccine-delivery system by peroral and oral routes. Ovalbumin was encapsulated in various lyophilized niosome preparations consisting of sucrose esters, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate. Encapsulation of ovalbumin into niosomes consisting of 70% stearate sucrose ester and 30% pal-mitate sucrose ester (40%i mono-, 60% di/triester) resulted in a significant increase in antibody titers in serum, saliva, and intestinal washings. ... 

Baillie AJ, Florence AT, Hume L, Muirhead GT, Rogerson A (1985) The preparation and properties of niosomes—non-ionic surfactant vesicles. J Pharm Pharmacol 37(12) 863-868... 

Uchegbu I, Vyas S. Non-ionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 1998 172 33-70. 

The polar character of the liposomal core enables the encapsulation of polar drug molecules. Amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules are solubilized within the phospholipid bilayer depending on their affinity for the phospholipids. Participation of non-ionic surfactants instead of phospholipids in the bilayer formation results in Niosomes . The term sphingosomes is suggested for vesicles from sphingolipids. However, nomenclature is not consistent the term liposomes is used as a general term, although vesicles would be a better term. 

Non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles (niosomes) are formed from the self-assembly of non-ionic amphi-philes in aqueous media resulting in closed bilayer structures (Figure 51.23). The assembly into closed bilayers is rarely spontaneous and usually involves some input of energy such as physical agitation or heat. The result is an assembly in which the hydrophobic parts of the molecule are shielded from the aqueous solvent and the hydrophilic head groups enjoy maximum contact with the same. 

Modified forms of niosomes, the discomes, are also used in ophthalmic drug delivery systems. This phase consists of vesicles of 12-16 pm in diameter, which encapsulates aqueous solutes such as carboxyfluorescein (CF), and is derived from niosomes by the addition of non-ionic surfactant, which is Solulan C24. These large vesicles were found to be of two types large vesicles that appear ellipsoid in shape and large vesicles that are truly discoid. 

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