Non-metal derivatives

The dimethylamine-borane complex is prepared in 80% yield from the amine hydrochloride and sodium borohydride.235 

Transformation of carbon-oxygen to carbon-sulfur bonds can be carried out with phosphorus pentasulfide. Amides are converted to thio-amides by sonication at 30-40°C for 1-2 h (Eq. 79). In comparison with conventional methods, less reagent can be used, and the reaction proceeds faster at a lower temperature.236 A similar reaction using the Lawesson reagent was reported.237 Phosphorus pentasulfide reacts with disulfides to give a thiophosphorylated product (Eq. 80).238 

235 Oosaka, S. Sakaki, T. Yamamura, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05112,579 Chem. Abstr. 1993,119,117514n. 

Unfrequent organochalcogenides were prepared from diorganylditellurides and solid sulfur or selenium in THF (Eq. 81) 2 9 

Selenafulvenes were prepared from phenylacetylene and elemental selenium in the presence of a base and PEG. Yields, however, remain modest for the two examples reported, despite the sonochemical activation.240 Poorly reactive mineral compounds, e.g., silica, were submitted to sonication with the hope of improving the reaction outcome. In the presence of a base in methanol, a clean reaction occurs with catechol after only 3-h sonication at room temperature.241 This result contrasts with the long reflux time, 18 h, when sonication is absent (Eq. 82). Germanium dioxide undergoes the same reaction, but not titanium dioxide. 

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As with other non-metal derivatives, reactivity depends on chain-length, branching and degree of halogen substitution. Individually indexed compounds are ... 

As with other non-metal derivatives, reactivity depends on chain-length, branching and degree of halogen substitution. Individually indexed compounds are f Chloromethylphenylsilane, 2810 f Chlorotrimethylsilane, 1304 f Cyanotrimethylsilane, 1665 f Dichlorodiethylsilane, 1683 f Dichlorodimethylsilane, 0902 f Dichloroethylsilane, 0903 f Dichloromethylsilane, 0470 f Dichloromethylvinylsilane, 1208 f Iodotrimethylsilane, 1306 f Methyltrichlorosilane, 0439 f Trichloroethylsilane, 0854 f Trichlorovinylsilane, 0746... 

Our brutal century of atom bombs and spaceships can also be called the century of polymers. In any case, the broad spreading of synthetic polymer materials is one of the signs of our time. A look at the various aspects of our life is enough to convince us that polymeric materials (textiles, plastics, rubbers) are as widely spread and important in our life as are other materials (metals and non-metals) derived from small molecules. Polymers have entered the life of the twentieth century as irreplaceable construction materials. 

Complexes. These derivatives contain complex anions which may be considered as derived from co-ordination of an H" ion to a metal or non-metal. Examples are the BH4" and ReHg " ions. 

Concerning non-metallic compounds, the antiknocking properties of nitrogen compounds such that derivatives of aniline, indole and quinoline, and certain phenol derivatives have been mentioned. 

Note, (i) Care should be taken to distinguish between a residue of carbon which may be very difficult to bum off completely, and a really non-volatile residue due to the presence of a metallic derivative. Thus for instance starch leaves a hard black residue of carbon which can best be burned away by moistening with a saturated solution of ammonium nitrate and then reheating. 

Numerous metal azides have been characterized (p. 417) and covalent derivatives of non-metals are also readily preparable by simple metathesis using either NaN3 or aqueous solutions of... 

A limited number of non-transition-metal derivatives of thiophene will be considered in this subsection. There are no short-range contacts between the lithium atoms originating from the (LiO)6 cores and the sulfur atoms in [Li—O—EMc2 (2-C4H3S)]6 (E = C, Si) (97OM5032), and evidence for Tr-interactions can be found in the X-ray crystal structures of these compounds. Theoretical computations show that a- (S ) Li" " interactions are weak, whereas Tr-Li" contributions are considerable, in accord with the general reasoning on the electronic characteristics of uncomplexed thiophene. 

The analysis of non-metallic elements and anionic species may present a problem since many do not readily form suitable derivatives for fluorimetric... 

Habid and Malek49 who studied the activity of metal derivatives in the catalyzed esterification of aromatic carboxylic acids with aliphatic glycols found a reaction order of 0.5 relative to the catalyst for Ti(OBu)4, tin(II) oxalate and lead(II) oxide. As we have already mentioned in connection with other examples, it appears that the activation enthalpies of the esterifications carried out in the presence of Ti, Sn and Pb derivatives are very close to those reported by Hartman et al.207,208 for the acid-catalyzed esterification of benzoic and substituted benzoic acids with cyclohexanol. These enthalpies also approach those reported by Matsuzaki and Mitani268 for the esterification of benzoic acids with 1,2-ethanediol in the absence of a catalyst. On the other hand, when activation entropies are considered, a difference exists between the esterification of benzoic acid with 1,2-ethanediol catalyzed by Ti, Sn and Pb derivatives and the non-catalyzed reaction268. Thus, activation enthalpies are nearly the same for metal ion-catalyzed and non-catalyzed reactions whereas the activation entropy of the metal ion-catalyzed reaction is much lower than that of the non-catalyzed reaction. 

See Tetraselenium tetranitride Alone, or Halogens and derivatives See Other INORGANIC ACIDS, NON-METAL HALIDES, NON-METAL HYDRIDES... 

See Ammonia, above and Phosphine derivatives, below Non-metals... 

See Hydrazine and derivatives, above Hydrogen sulfide Oxidants Non-metal hydrides, above Potassium phosphinate Air, or Nitric acid Sulfur dioxide, below... 

Co-condensation of transition metal atoms with arenes such as benzene and toluene is well known to yield bis-arene-metal compounds. However, in many cases the yields based on the metal atoms are less than 40%. Evidence that competing reactions such as carbon-hydrogen activation can occur is provided by the isolation of non-metal-containing products such as biaryl derivatives (2JL). ... 

Encapsulation of a metal ion by a saturated organic framework is expected to lead to robust metal derivatives which are stable over a wide pH range and thus, for example, inhibit the hydrolysis which is characteristic of certain metal ions in aqueous solution. In this manner, the non-hydrolytic coordination chemistry of these ions in solution becomes accessible. Similarly, the redox chemistry of such encapsulated ions is of special interest, since there exists the prospect that the saturated organic shell might insulate the metal ion to a greater or lesser degree from the surrounding medium and hence markedly influence electron transfer reactions. 

The non-metals carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are all essential for man, as is element number 9, fluorine. Some of the biological effects of the important intracellular messenger, nitric oxide, NO, which is derived from the amino acid arginine, are illustrated in... 

They react, at high temperature, with most non-metals often forming non-stoichiometric and interstitial derivatives. They are generally resistant to corrosion mainly due to the formation of surface films of oxides. 

Several of the partially lower-alkylated derivatives of non-metal hydrides are pyrophoric in air. With other gaseous oxidants (halogens, etc.) the reaction may be explosive. The class includes the groups ... 

Metals and oxidisable derivatives, or Non-metals, or Oxidisable materials... 

METAL NITROPHENOXIDES, METAL OXALATES METAL PYRUVATE NITROPHENYLHYDRAZONES metal OXOHALOGENATES (anion an oxo derivative of a halogen) metal oxometallates (anion an oxo derivative of a metal) metal oxonon-METALLATES (anion an oxo derivative of a non-metal) peroxoacid SALTS (anion a peroxo derivative of a metal or non-metal) There is a separate entry for... 

Several perchlorate derivatives of non-metallic elements (including some non-nitrogenous organic compounds) are noted for explosive instability. 

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