Radiations non-ionizing

The radiation in our environment, apart from alpha and beta radiation (which is usually thought of as small particles), consists of waves which are partly electric, partly magnetic. 

The different types of wave radiation are only different becanse the wavelength and freqnency change. The speed of the waves is alw s the speed of hght, so the larger the length of each wave, the lower the frequency, because  

We can draw a spectrum of the different types of wave radiation showing where one type merges into the next. See Fig. 10.8. Notice where radio frequency, microwave, infra-red and visible radiation are. 

These are all described as non-ionizing radiatioa That is, they caimot knock electrons off the atoms in the body to upset the chemical bonds in the compoimds there. However, microwave radiation of the right frequency, 2.45 GHz (giga = one thousand million), can heat internal tissues (cook them) just as a microwave oven does, and it may cause mutations by coagulating DNA. (Note very high frequency, therefore very small [micro] waves.) 

microwave and RF radiation in workplaces Ultraviolet radiation 

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The third and fourth disks include Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) information. These disks contain data bases on Resource Organizations, Resource People, Case Law, Jurisprudence, Fatalities, Mining Incidents, and ADISCAN. Furthermore, information on Noise Levels, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSHTEC) Non-Ionizing Radiation Levels, and a Document Information Directory System is readily retrievable. These CD-ROM materials are available from the Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety, 250 Main Street East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1H6. 

Biological Effects of Non-ionizing Radiations Cellular Prop-... 

The regulated expression of inducible promoters offers advantages for selective activation of promoter activity in desired tissues. Activation can be achieved by either external factors (ionizing or non-ionizing radiations in the case of heat shock or radiation-inducible promoters), physiological characteristics unique to certain disease states, such as hypoxia in cancer, or the administration of non-toxic agents, such as glucose. 

Sir Edward Pochin (1978) Why be Quantitative about Radiation Risk Estimates Hymer L. Friedell (1979) Radiation Protection-Concepts and Trade Offs Harold O. Wyckoff (1980) From Quantity of Radiation and Dose to Exposure and Absorbed Dose -An Historical Review James F. Crow (1981) How Well Can We Assess Genetic Risk Not Very Eugene L. Saenger (1982) Ethics, Trade-offs and Medical Radiation Merril Eisenbud (1983) The Human Environment-Past, Present and Future Harald H. Rossi (1984) Limitation and Assessment in Radiation Protection John H. Harley (1985) Truth (and Beauty) in Radiation Measurement Herman P. Schwan (1986) Biological Effects of Non-ionizing Radiations ... 

Harley (1985) [Available also in Radioactive Waste, see above] 10 Biological Effects of Non-ionizing Radiations Cellular Properties and Interactions by Herman P. Schwan (1987) [Available also in Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiations and Ultrasound, see above]... 

Ionizing radiation is inherently much more destructive than non-ionizing radiation. Don t be fooled, though. Non-ionizing radiation can also have harmful effects. A classic example is exposure to ultraviolet radiation which can lead to skin cancer and cataracts. 

MWs are a form of non-ionizing radiation with a typically standard frequency of 2.45 GHz, a wavelength of 12.2 cm and photon energy of 10 5 electron volts. When dipolar molecules such as water or the polar side chains of proteins are exposed to the rapidly alternating electromagnetic fields, they oscillate through 180° at the rate of 2.45 billion cycles... 

Because the CO2 containing carbon-14 is used to trace the progress of carbon tbrough the reaction, it is referred to as a radiotracer. A radiotracer is a radioisotope that emits non-ionizing radiation and is used to signal the presence of an element or specific substance. The fact that all of an element s isotopes have the same chemical properties makes the use of radioisotopes possible. Thus, replacing a stable atom of an element in a reaction with one of its isotopes does not alter the reaction. Radiotracers are important in a number of areas of chemical research, particularly in analyzing the reaction mechanisms of complex, multi-step reactions. 

Radiotracers, which emit non-ionizing radiation, are used to diagnose disease and to analyze complex chemical reaction mechanisms. 

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (1997) Guidelines on limits of exposure to broad-band incoherent optical radiation (0.38 to 3 microns). Health Physics 73 539-554. 

Non -ionizing Radiation - Radiation that has insufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms. Laser and Radiofrequency radiation is considered non-ionizing radiation. 

International Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association, Health Physics, Vol. 58, No. 1 (January), pp. 113-122, "Interim Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to 50/60 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields". 

Analyst, 120, 1897 (1995) state, "Microwave energy is a non-ionizing radiation that causes molecular motion by migration of ions and rotation of dipoles, but does not increase changes in molecular structure. It has a frequency range of 300 - 300,000 MHz with four frequencies used for industrial and scientific purposes, the most common being 2,450 MHz which is used in all domestic microwave units. 

Concerning paternal occupational risk factors fra neuroblastoma, various authors [1,11,12] have suggested that exposure to metal fumes and dusts, benzene, asbestos, or pesticides, but not ionizing or non-ionizing radiation may be related. Paternal occupational exposure to hydrocarbons and paternal employment involving contact with electromagnetic fields working as electricians or as electronics operatives may also have risk factors implications. 

See, for example, P. Veechia, H. Hiatenen, B.E. Stuck, E.V. Denventer, and S. Niu, Eds., Protect ing Workers form Ultraviolet Radiation, Int. Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation (ICNIR) Report No. 14/2007, http //www.icnirp.org/documents/UVWorkers.pdf (2007). 

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) uses non-ionizing radiation that can penetrate deeper than visible light, but not as deeply as fMRI. NIRS is particularly useful for detecting blood hanoglo-bin levels. It can also be useful for foods, pharmaceutical powders, and products of respiration. 

Non-ionizing radiation such as UV light (>200 nm) cannot produce directly except for two-photon... 

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