Nomenclature minerals

Contrary to popular belief and nomenclature, mineral matter and ash are not the same. Ash is produced by combustion of coal in oxygen, and the ash constituents, usually metal oxides, are formed from the mineral matter by routes involving some of the chemistry outlined above. 

Moore PB, Ito J (1978) I. Whiteite, a new species, and a proposed nomenclature for the jahnsite-whiteite complex series. II. New data on xanthoxenite. Mineral Mag 42 309-316 Moore PB, Ito J (1979) Alluaudites, wyllieites, arrojadites ciystal chemistry and nomenclature. Mineral Mag 43 227-35... 

The carbonate minerals that comprise limestone ate calcite [13397-26-7] (calcium carbonate), which is easily the most abundant mineral type aragonite [14791-73-2] (calcium carbonate) dolomite [17069-72-6] (double carbonate of calcium and magnesium) andmagnesite [13717-31 -5] (magnesium carbonate). Individual limstone types ate further described by many common names (1). Some of this nomenclature is repetitious and overlapping. The following terms ate in common use in Europe and the United States. 

Elemental composition, ionic charge, and oxidation state are the dominant considerations in inorganic nomenclature. Coimectivity, ie, which atoms are linked by bonds to which other atoms, has not generally been considered to be important, and indeed, in some types of compounds, such as cluster compounds, it caimot be appHed unambiguously. However, when it is necessary to indicate coimectivity, itaUcized symbols for the connected atoms are used, as in trioxodinitrate(A/,A/), O2N—NO . The nomenclature that has been presented appHes to isolated molecules (or ions). Eor substances in the soHd state, which may have more than one crystal stmcture, with individual connectivities, two devices are used. The name of a mineral that exemplifies a particular crystal stmcture, eg, mtile or perovskite, may be appended. Alternatively, the crystal stmcture symmetry, eg, rhombic or triclinic, may be cited, or the stmcture may be stated in a phrase, eg, face-centered cubic. 

It is helpful in the discussion to describe silicate structures using the Q nomenclature, where Q represents [SiOJ tetrahedra and the superscript n the number of Q units in the second coordination sphere. Thus, isolated [SiO ] " are represented as Q and those fully connected to other Q units as Q. In general, minerals based on Q , Q and units are decomposed by acids. Such minerals are those containing isolated silicate ions, the orthosilicates, SiO (Q ) the pyrosilicates, Si O " (Q ) ring and chain silicates, (SiOg) (Q ). Certain sheet and three-dimensional silicates can also yield gels with acids if they contain sites vulnerable to acid attack. This occurs with aluminosilicates provided the Al/Si ratio is at least 2 3 when attack occurs at A1 sites, with scission of the network (Murata, 1943). 

Chemical mineral size reduction, 16 613 Chemical netpoints, in shape-memory polymers, 22 356, 358 Chemical nomenclature, 17 384. See also Nomenclature... 

Nowhere is the effect of anthropogenic stress felt more than in the development of natural resources of the Earth. Natural resources are varied in nature and often require definition. Eor example, in relation to mineral resources, for which there is also descriptive nomenclature (ASTM C294), the terms related to the available quantities of the resource must be defined. In this instance, the term resource refers to the total amount of the mineral that has been estimated to be available ultimately. The term reserves refers to well-identified resources that can profitably be extracted and utilized by means of existing technology. In many countries, fossil fuel resources are often classified as a subgroup of the total mineral resources. 

The data obtained by the analysis have become key remediation criteria and it is essential that the environmental analyst (and others who may use the data) be knowledgeable about the various analytical methods. It is also important to know that minor method deviations may be found from region to region. For example, in terms of nomenclature, itself a complex and often ill-defined area of petroleum science (Chapter 1) (Speight, 1999), the analytical methods may refer to total petroleum hydrocarbons as mineral oil, hydrocarbon oil, extractable hydrocarbon, and oil and grease. 

There is no systematic nomenclature developed for molecular sieve materials. The discoverer of a synthehc species based on a characteristic X-ray powder diffraction pattern and chemical composihon typicaUy assigns trivial symbols. The early syn-thehc materials discovered by Milton, Breck and coworkers at Uruon Carbide used the modem Lahn alphabet, for example, zeoHtes A, B, X, Y, L. The use of the Greek alphabet was inihated by Mobil and Union Carbide with the zeoHtes alpha, beta, omega. Many of the synthetic zeoHtes which have the structural topology of mineral zeoHte species were assigned the name of the mineral, for example, syn-thehc mordenite, chabazite, erionite and offretite.The molecular sieve Hterature is replete with acronyms ZSM-5, -11, ZK-4 (Mobil), EU-1, FU-1, NU-1 (ICI), LZ-210, AlPO, SAPO, MeAPO, etc. (Union Carbide, UOP) and ECR-1 (Exxon). The one pubHcaHon on nomenclature by lUPAC in 1979 is Hmited to the then-known zeoHte-type materials [3]. 

Langer, A. M., A. N. Rohl, M. S. Wolff, and I. J. Selikoff (1979). Asbestos, fibrous minerals and acicular cleavage fragments nomenclature and biological properties, pp. 1-22. In Lemen, R., and J. M. Dement, eds. Dusts and Disease. Pathotox Publishers, Park Forest South, IL. 

Nevin, K.P. Lovley, D.R. (2000) Potential for nonenzymatic reduction of Fe(III) via electron shuttling in subsurface sediments. Environ. Sci. Techn. 34 2472-2479 Nickel, E.H. Mandarino, J.A. (1977) Mineral nomenclature. Am. Min. 62 188 Nightingale, E.R. Benck, R.F. (1960) Precipitation of crystalline iron(IIl) oxide from homogeneous solution. Anal. Chem. 32 566-567... 

Bayliss, P., Mazzi, F., Munno, R. White, T. J. 1989. Mineral nomenclature zirconolite. Minera-logical Magazine, 53, 565-569. 

Here again we have the superficial whitening of copper by the action of reduced arsenic, and by various other substances which by reduction give white metals, as zinc and lead. The ambiguity attending the nomenclature of minerals renders the interpretation sometimes uncertain. 

History of Discovery. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now called wolframite and reported a hitherto unknown substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tung sten (circa 1758 nomenclature for scheelite). Scheele and Bergman suggested the possibility of obtng a new metal by redn of this acid. The deElhuyar brothers found an acid in... 

It should be born in mind that this is a overall clay composition. When we compare the representations of a clay composition in both tables, we notice that chemists apply the existing nomenclature rules (chapter 3, Chemistry). Furthermore the above represention proves that clay contains a number of silicate minerals. The structure of these silicate minerals and of quartz was already discussed in the chapter on Geology and Minerology. In the next paragraph we will concentrate on a certain group of silicates, the so-called clay minerals. Without these minerals clay would not possess its specific clay properties. 

Homeopathic drugs are produced from natural substances such as plant materials, animal sources, minerals, diseased parts of man etc. They are also produced from the diluent medium of aqueous ethanol exposed to ionizing radiation. Remedies of plant and animal sources are named according to the binomial nomenclature introduced by Linnaeus (1753). 

Lazarenko (1940) described a hydrothermal aluminum-silicate mineral from the Donetz Basin which he called donbassite. This material is a variety of dioctahedral chlorite and the Nomenclature Committee (Bailey et al., 1971) considers that it has priority. 

Nomenclature is slanted in favor of Fe over Al. When the octahedral sheet has more than 30% Fe3+, the clay is usually given a Fe-mineral rather than an Al-mineral name. The data indicate that other than a restriction of less than 40% Mg all combinations exist in nature although most of the values are clustered in two areas greater than 60% Al and greater than 40% Fe3+. As long as the Mg and Fe2+ content of the octahedral sheet is below the limits stated, the tetrahedral sheet is able to adjust to the... 

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