Aphanizomenon flos aquae

Preufiel K, Stiiken A, Wiedner C, Chorus I, Fastner J (2006) First report of cylindrospermopsin producing Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) from two German lakes. Toxicon... 

The saxitoxins have also been found in the freshwater cyanophyte Aphanizomenon flos aquae (9,1 ) and, quite recently, in tropical marine coralline algae of the genus Jania (11)... 

Two other suspected alkaloid producing cyanobacteria strains, Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17 and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5, are now being studied. The toxin of flos-aquae NRC-525-17 (anatoxin-a(s)) is thought to have CNS stimulating properties (7) and that of Aph. flos-aquae NH-5 (aphantoxin) is thought to produce the paralytic shellfish poisons saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin (Fig. 1)... 

Figure 1. Structure of anatoxin-a from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1, saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin. Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin is produced by certain species of marine algae and by the freshwater cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5.

TABLE 1. Thin-layer chromatography of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5 fractions from Bio-gel P-2 gel filtration... 

N.A. Mahmood and W.W. Carmichael, Paralytic shellfish poisons produced by the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5, Toxicon, 24 (1986) 175-186. 

Carmichael, W.W., Drapeau, C., Anderson, D.M. (2000). Harvesting of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bom. Flah. Var. flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) from Klamath Lake for human dietary use. J. Appl. Phycol. 12 585-95. 

Ferreira, F.M.B., Soler, J.M.F., Fidalgo, M.L., Femandez-Vila, P. (2001). PSP toxins from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) collected in the Crestuma-Lever reservoir (Douro... 

Ikawa, M., Wegener, K., Foxall, T.L., Sasner, J.J. (1982). Comparison of the toxins of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae with the Gonyaulax toxins. Toxicon 20 747-52. 

N., Oshima, Y. (2000). Paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, isolated from Montargil reservoir, Portugal. Toxicon 38 1689-1702. 

Laamanen, M., Kuosa, H., 2005. Annual variability of biomass and heterocysts of the N -lixing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in the Baltic Sea with reference to Anabaena spp. and Nodularia spumigena. Boreal Environmental Research, 10, 19-30. 

In aquaculture ponds, fish kills due to toxic cyanobacterial blooms are infrequent, and there is little direct evidence of harmful consequences of toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquaculture ponds [18]. At least one report [19] attributes large losses of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus L.) in a catfish production pond in the southeastern United States to the toxic cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Fish may avoid ingesting harmful quantities of toxic cyanobacteria to help reduce the adverse consequences posed by such blooms. In any case, prolonged exposure to toxin-producing cyanobacteria may stress fish and cause them to become more susceptible to adverse conditions, thereby reducing growth [18]. 

Several cyanobacteria are indicators of quality of the water. Chamqe-siphon fuscus is characteristic to catarobic, Oscillatoria and Nostoc to oligosaprobic, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena to mesosaprobic water, and Spirulina occurs also in the polysaprobic zone of wastewaters. 

Liu, Y. et al.. First report of Aphantoxins in China—waterblooms of toxigenic Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in Lake Dianchi, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 65, 84, 2006. 

The first species from which CYN was isolated, C. raciborskii, is considered as a tropical species expanding its distribution to temperate zones, likely driven by climate warming." " Isolates of this species from Europe, however, did not produce detectable amounts of CYN" but other, unidentified toxic compounds." Further species to produce CYN have been recently reported as Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, ° Anabaena bergii, Anabaena lapponica, and Aphanizomenon flos-aqua, the latter one being very common and forming dense water blooms in temperate eutro-phied freshwaters. ... 

Suikkanen, S., Fistarol, G.O., and Graneli, E., Allelopathic effects of the Baltic cyanobacteria ZVoAnabaena lemmermannii on algal monocultures, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, 308, 85, 2004. 

Teubner, K. et al.. Alternative blooming of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ox Planktothrix agardhii induced by the timing of the critical iutrogen phosphorus ratio in hypertrophic riverine lakes, Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Issues Advanc. Limnol, 54, 325, 1999. 

Latvia Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena flos-aquae Microcystins [255]... 

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