Nobel, Robert

The 1968 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was shared by Robert W Holley of Cornell University for determining the nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine transfer RNA... 

Into the late 1940s, Nobel Laureate Robert S. Mulliken, a physical chemist at the University of Chicago, maintained a skeptical view regarding the future of applying the theories of physics to solving practical problems in chemistry (4,5). Subsequentiy, Mulliken (5) related that... 

What molecular architecture couples the absorption of light energy to rapid electron-transfer events, in turn coupling these e transfers to proton translocations so that ATP synthesis is possible Part of the answer to this question lies in the membrane-associated nature of the photosystems. Membrane proteins have been difficult to study due to their insolubility in the usual aqueous solvents employed in protein biochemistry. A major breakthrough occurred in 1984 when Johann Deisenhofer, Hartmut Michel, and Robert Huber reported the first X-ray crystallographic analysis of a membrane protein. To the great benefit of photosynthesis research, this protein was the reaction center from the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis. This research earned these three scientists the 1984 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 

Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917) was born in Berlin, Germany, and received his Ph.D. at the University of Berlin in 1858, working with Robert Bunsen and August Kekuie. After holding positions at Berlin and Strasbourg, he was a professor at Munich from 1875 to 1917. He was the first to synthesize the blue dye indigo and was also discoverer of the first barbiturate sedative, which he named after his friend Barbara. Baeyer was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1905. 

Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921-2006) was born in Fori Worth, Texas, anti received his Ph.D. at the University oi California, Los Angeles, in 1949. He then joined the faculty at the Rockefeller Institute, where he remained until his death. In 1984, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his development of methods for the automated synthesis of peptides. 

Sir John Warcup Cornforth (1917-2004) was born in Sydney, Australia, and earned his Ph.D. from Oxford University in 1941 working with Sir Robert Robinson. He was on the staff of the National Institute for Medical Research in London from 1946 to 1962, at Shell Research Ltd. (1962-1975), and ultimately at Sussex University (1975-1982). Profoundly deaf since his teens, he worked in constant collaboration with his wife, Rita Harradence. He received the 1975 Nobel Prize in chemistry. 

Sir Robert Robinson will always be recognized as one of the outstanding British scientists. With admiration and pride, his country knighted him in 1937. His international recognition in organic chemistry was signaled in 1947, when he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 

Robert Curl, Richard Smalley, and Harold Kroto were awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of the soccer-ball-shaped molecule C60. This fundamental molecule was the first of a new series of molecular allotropes of carbon. The enthalpy of combustion of C60 is —25 937 kj-mol, and its enthalpy of sublimation is +233 kj-mol There are 90 bonds in C60, of which 60 are single bonds and 30 are double bonds. Like benzene, C60 has... 

De Broglie received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1929, only two years after experiments confirmed his theory. Davisson, a student of Nobel laureate Robert Millikan, and Thomson, the son and student of J. J. Thomson (who won the Nobel prize for discovering the electron), shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937. 

Since the first reports on olefin metathesis in the 1960s [88, 89], this elementary C-C bond forming reaction has sparked an enormous activity in organometalhc research, culminating in the award of the Nobel Prize to Yves Chauvin, Richard Schrock and Robert Grubbs in 2005. 

Finally, Haber knew how to blend the talents of skilled technicians, industrialists, and scientists from different disciplines. His English collaborator, Robert Le Rossignol, would develop the seals needed to maintain high pressures in an experimental chamber. A highly skilled mechanic, Friedrich Kirchenbauer, would build precision equipment needed for the reaction. Haber later thanked Le Rossignol and Kirchenbauer in his Nobel Prize speech and shared patents with Le Rossignol and prize money with both men. 

Robert W. Elias. Sept. 26, 1997. Source for metalworker s restaurant disappointed at Nobel creationist measles cartoon and Sno Cat trip. 

Ivan P. Pavlov, Physiology of Digestion Nobel Lecture 12 December 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov, 1927 Robert E. Clark, 2004. 

In 1985, the story of carbon allotropes took a dramatic turn with the discovery of C60, which resulted in a new type of carbon structure, called the fullerenes (Kroto et al., 1985). This discovery earned the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry for Harold Kroto, Robert Curl, and... 

Prize in 1963 for inventing a new general method to synthesize important polymers, a method that uncovered much new basic science. A Nobel Prize in 1984 went to Robert Bruce Merrifield for his invention of a general approach to the synthesis of polypeptides and proteins, in a style directly reminiscent of the biological method used in such synthesis. 

In 1987, Robert M. Solow, an economist at the Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology, received the Nobel Prize in economics for his work in determining the sources of economic growth. Professor Solow concluded that the bulk of an economy s growth is the result of technological advances. 

The 1947 Nobel Prize in chemistry was to be awarded to Robinson to honor his work in the synthesis of natural products, investigations that he pursued all through his career, and a field in which his wife both collaborated and worked independently.87 Yet, in his memoirs, Robert Robinson wrote that he considered the development of an electronic theory of reaction mechanisms "my most important contribution to knowledge."88 This suggests the seriousness with which he viewed scientific theories and his belief that scientific glory and reputation rest on theories, not discoveries. Let us turn now to these theories. 

Quotation from Robert Mulliken, "Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding," Nobel Lectures. Chemistry. 19631970 (Amsterdam Elsevier, 1972) 131160, on 137. See Friedrich Hund, "Zur Deutung der Molekulspektren. IV." ZP 40 (1927) 742764, 42 (1927) 93120, 43 (1927) 805826 and Oyvind Burrau, "Berechnung des Energiewertes des Wasserstoff-Molekel-Ions (H2+) im Normalzustand," Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Mat.-fys. Meddelser 7 (1927) 14. 

For most of the history of mankind, unraveling the nucleotide sequence of even a quite small nucleic acid was a formidable undertaking. Following 7 years of labor, Robert Holley solved the first such structure, that for an alanine tRNA from yeast, in 1961. This molecule contains a linear chain of 76 nucleotides and includes some unusual bases, which actually help in base sequence determination. For this achievement, Holley shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968. 

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