Nobel, Emil

As the present author was a student at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in Zurich (1939-1945) and has been there as Professor since 1960, it may be mentioned that Arthur Hantzsch (1857-1935) was also a Professor at ETH (1885-1893) and that Emil Bamberger (1857-1932) was his successor (1893-1905). Hantzsch s stereochemical interpretation of the isomeric diazoates was based on his cooperation with Alfred Werner (University of Zurich, founder of stereochemistry, Nobel prize 1913), when Hantzsch was at ETH (see Sec. 7.1 and Zollinger, 1992). 

As already mentioned, the glucoamylase project was chosen to illustrate Emil Fischer s lock and key concept for enzyme specificity. It is seen that his vision has become unequivocally established. Many other developments could have been chosen, as can be appreciated from recent reviews by Hehre (54) and by Svensson (55). Comforth (56) provided a fine overview of asymmetry and enzyme action in his Nobel prize lecture. Noteworthy is the conclusion that stereospecificity is something not just incidental, but essential to enzyme catalysis. In other words, the key must fit the lock. 

Emil Adolf von Behring (1854-1917) was a German microbiologist who discovered that diseases such as tetanus and diphtheria are produced not by the bacteria but by toxins produced by the bacteria, which circulate in the blood. He showed that immunisation with the toxin was sufficient to protect against the disease. He treated children with diphtheria by injecting serum from a horse immunised with diphtheria toxin. He recognised that the protective effect was due to substances circulating in the blood, from which he coined the term antibody. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1901 for the development of the diphtheria antiserum. 

Nobel laureate Emil Fischer elucidated the c bohydrates and proteins, and Leo Baekeland prodi synthetic polymer in the early part of the 20th cen many other synthetic polymers developed in the firs were produced without much knowledge of po ym<... 

The Nobel family suffered many set backs in marketing nitroglycerine because it was prone to accidental initiation, and its initiation in bore holes by blackpowder was unreliable. There were many accidental explosions, one of which destroyed the Nobel factory in 1864 and killed Alfred s brother, Emil. Alfred Nobel in 1864 invented the metal blasting cap detonator which greatly improved the initiation of blackpowder. The detonator contained mercury fulminate [Hg(CNO)2] and was able... 

FISCHER, HANS (1881-1945). A German biochemist who studied under Emil Fischer. He was awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1930 lor his synthesis of the blood pigment hcmin. He also did important fundamental research on chlorophyll, and porphyrins, and carotene. 

The particularly remarkable features displayed in this respect by the natural catalysts, the enzymes, has provided major stimulus and inspiration for the development of novel catalysts by either manipulating the natural versions or by trying to devise entirely artificial catalysts that would nevertheless display similar high efficiencies and selectivities. In his Nobel award lecture in 1902, Emil Fischer has shown remarkable prescience when he said / can foresee a time in which physiological chemistry will not only make greater use of natural enzymes but will actually resort to creating synthetic ones [5.1]. 

Emil Fischer Berlin Univ., Germany lock-and-key concept (Nobel prize 1902)... 

Enzymes owe their superb adivity and seledivity to the spatial and chemical configuration of the adive site. The enzyme cavity fits around the substrate (or substrates), and the multipoint contad directs it precisely to the desired reaction center. The lock-and-key model, introduced in 1894 by the German chemist and 1902 Nobel laureate Emil Fischer [17], is an excellent analogy (Figure 5.3a). This model was... 

Figure 3.3 Nobel Prize winning chemist Emil Fischer at work in his laboratory. Corbis...

Emil Hermann Fischer, born October 9, 1852, in Euskirchen, Germany, received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1902 for his elucidations of the structure of sugars and the synthesis of purines. His father, a very successful lumber merchant, intended Emil to join the family business upon completion of his secondary school education. Young Fischer showed exceptional abilities as a student in the natural sciences, particularly in physics. In 1859 he dutifully entered his father s business, but showed little aptitude for commerce. In frustration his father enrolled him at the University of Bonn in 1871 to study chemistry, which at least had practical applications. 

Lucier, J. J. (1993). Emil Fischer. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992, ed. Laylin K. James. Washington, DC American Chemical Society Chemical Heritage Foundation, pp. 8-14. 

Emil Fisoher (1852-1919), discovered phenyl-hydrazine as a PhD student In 1875, succeeded Hofmann at Berlin in 190Qwhdre he built the then largest chemical institute in the world, end was awarded the Nobel prize in 1902. As well as his work on indexes, he laid thd foundations of carbohydrate chemistry by completing the structure and synthesis of the main sugars, if only he hadn t also invented Fischer projections ... 

Both Fischer projections and the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis are named after Emil Fischer, a noted chemist of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902 for his work in carbohydrate chemistry. Fischer s most elegant work is the subject of Section 27.11. 

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