Oxygen/nitrous oxide

Lead(II,IV) oxide Lithium hydride Magnesium Same as for lead dioxide Nitrous oxide, oxygen Air, beryllium fluoride, ethylene oxide, halogens, halocarbons, HI, metal cyanides, metal oxides, metal oxosalts, methanol, oxidants, peroxides, sulfur, tellurium... 

ALFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE As an analgesic adjunct given in incremental doses in the maintenance of anesthesia with barbiturate/nitrous oxide/oxygen. 

As an analgesic administered by continuous infusion with nitrous oxide/oxygen in the maintenance of general anesthesia. 

Usually various anesthetic agents are combined to increase efficacy and at the same time decrease toxicity and shorten the time to recovery. For example induction of anesthesia is obtained with an intravenous agent with a rapid onset of action like thiopentone and then anesthesia is maintained with a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture in combination with halothane or a comparable volatile anesthetic. 

Because of its slow induction and recovery, irritant property and other disadvantages ether is rarely used these days and may be occasionally used as a supplement to nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture in children. 

Drug interactions. Addition of 50% nitrous oxide/ oxygen mixture to another inhalational anaesthetic... 

Hemostasis can be impaired by both surgery and general anesthetics (45). Fentanyl, halothane, and enflurane enhance fibrinoljdic activity significantly (46). In addition, there was a raised plasma beta-thromboglobulin concentration (a good indicator of platelet activation) in 61 patients after the use of nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane compared with controls (47). 

When nitrous oxide, oxygen, and propofol are used for maintenance of general anesthesia, supplementation with analgesics and neuromuscular-blocking agents is usually required. Induction of anesthesia with propofol is frequently... 

When gases are mixed in-line before filling (e.g., nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture) continuous analysis of the mixture being filled is required. 

Mivacurium chloride is a mixture of three stereoisomers, with the trans-trans (92-96%) and the cis-trans diesters being equipotent. The cis-cis diester produces only minimal (<5%) neuromuscular blockade. It is hydrophilic, has a small volume of distribution, and is distributed primarily to extracellular fluids. Mivacurium is short acting (Table 12.4), with mean elimination half-lives for the trans-trans and cis-trans stereoisomers of 2.0 and 1.8 minutes, respectively, in adults receiving opioid/nitrous oxide/oxygen anesthesia. It is rapidly hydrolyzed and does not undergo... 

British chemist Joseph Priestley isolated and examined many new gases, including hydrogen chloride, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen. (Sheila Terry/Photo Researchers, Inc.)... 

Two patients developed ventricular arrhythmias while anaesthetised with halothane and nitrous oxide/oxygen when given terbutaline 250 to 350 micrograms subcutaneously for wheezing. Both developed unifocal premature ventricular contractions followed by bigeminy, which responded to lidocaine. Halothane was replaced by enllurane in one case, which allowed the surgery to be completed without further incident. ... 

The dosage of the neuromuscular blocker may need to be adjusted according to the anaesthetic in use. For example, the dosage of atracurium can be reduced by 25 to 30% if, instead of balanced anaesthesia (with thiopental, fentanyl and nitrous oxide/oxygen)," enflurane is used, and by up to 50% if isoflurane or desflurane are used. Another study recommended reduced doses of neuromuscular blockers such as atracurium and tubocurarine in children undergoing anaesthesia with enflurane or isoflurane. In one study, enflurane and isoflurane reduced the vecuronium infusion rate requirements by as much as 70%, when compared with fentanyl anaesthesia. Another study demonstrated that although halothane and isoflurane could both increase the neuromuscular potency of vecuronium, only isoflurane prolonged the recovery from neuromuscular blockade. ... 

A 71-year-old man undergoing a minor orthopaedic operation was given a 500-microgram intravenous injection of alfentanil followed by a slow injection of propofol 2.5 mg/kg. Approximately 15 seconds after the propofol, the patient developed strong bilateral fits and grimaces, which lasted for 10 seconds. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide/oxygen and halothane and there were no other intra- or postoperative complications. The patient had no history of convulsions. Propofol has also been associated with opisthotonos (a spasm where the head and heels bend backwards and the body arches forwards) in two patients given fentanyl... 

Eight out of 42 patients taking unnamed beta blockers given atracurium developed bradycardia (less than 50 bpm) and hypotension (systolic pressure less than 80 mniHg). Most of them had been premedicated with diazepam, induced with methohexital, and maintained with droperidol, fentanyl and nitrous oxide/oxygen. A further 24 showed bradycardia, associated with hypotension on 9 oeeasions. All responded promptly to 300 to 600 micrograms of intravenous atropine. ... 

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