Nitrous oxide distribution

Suntharalingam, P., and Sarmiento, J. L. (2000). Factors governing the oceanic nitrous oxide distribution Simulations with an ocean general circulation model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14(1), 429 54. 

Weiss, R. F. (1981). The temporal and spatial distribution of tropospheric nitrous oxide. /. Geophys. Res. 86, 7185-7195. 

Nitrous oxide is rapidly absorbed through inhalation, and it is distributed predominantly in blood with a blood/gas partition coefficient of 0.5 (Sten-qvist 1994). It is rapidly eliminated through the lungs, with small amounts being eliminated through the skin (Stenqvist 1994). 

The distribution of anesthetic throughout the entire body may be viewed as an equilibration process (Fig. 7.1.13), with tissues characterized by high blood flows reaching equilibration faster than muscle and fatJ4 Nevertheless, an anesthetic that is excessively soluble in blood will not partition substantially into brain and other tissues. The anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide and diethyl ether have been known since the 1840s. Zeneca Pharmaceuticals introduced the first modem inhalation anesthetic fluothane in 1957. Methoxyfluorane followed in 1960, enflurane 1973, isoflurane 1981, desflurane by Anaquest (Liberty Comer, NJ) in 1992, and sevoflurane by Abbott Laboratories in 1995J6 ... 

Clayton RN, Goldsmith JR, Karel KJ, Mayeda TK, Newton RP (1975) Limits on the effect of pressure in isotopic fractionation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39 1197-1201 Clayton RN, Onuma N, Grossman C, Mayeda TK (1977) Distribution of the presolar component in Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites. Earth Planet Sd Lett 34 209-224 Clayton RN, Goldsmith JR, Mayeda TK (1989) Oxygen isotope fractionation in quartz, albite, anorthite and caldte. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53 725-733 Cliff SS, Thiemens MH (1997) The 0/ 0 and 0/ 0 ratios in atmospheric nitrous oxide a mass independent anomaly. Science 278 1774-1776 Cliff SS, Brenninkmeijer CAM, Thiemens MH (1999) First measurement of the 0/ 0 and ratios in stratospheric nitrous oxide a mass-independent anomaly. J Geophys Res 104 16171-16175... 

Prasad, S. S., E. C. Zipf, and X. Zhao, Potential Atmospheric Sources and Sinks of Nitrous Oxide. 3. Consistency with the Observed Distributions of the Mixing Ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 162, 21537-21541 (1997). 

In AAS, the flame is only required to produce ground-state atoms (cf AES, where a hot flame is preferred as atoms must also be excited). Frequently, an air-acetylene flame is sufficient to do this. For those elements which form more refractory compounds, or where interferences are encountered (see Section 2.4), a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame is preferred. In either case, a slot burner is used (100 mm for air-acetylene, 50 mm for nitrous oxide-acetylene) to increase the path length (this arises from Eqn. 2.3, Section 2.1) and to enable a specific portion of the flame to be viewed. Atoms are not uniformly distributed throughout the flame and, by... 

The Airborne Submillimeter SIS Radiometer (ASUR), operated on-board the German research aircraft FALCON, measures thermal emission lines of stratospheric trace gases at submillimeter wavelength. Measurement campaigns with respect to ozone depletion in the Arctic winter stratosphere were carried out in yearly intervals from 1992-97 to investigate the distributions of the radical chlorine monoxide (CIO), the reservoir species hydrochloric acid (HC1), the chemically inert tracer nitrous oxide (N20), and ozone (O3). The high sensitivity of the receiver allowed to take spatially well resolved measurements inside, at the edge, and outside of the Arctic polar vortex. This paper focuses on the results obtained for CIO from... 

Fig. 3. Vertical distribution of the concentration of various minor constituents water vapor, H20 methane, CH4 molecular hydrogen, H2 nitrous oxide, N2O and carbon monoxide, CO.

California, for instance, prohibits the sale, distribution, or dispensation to a minor of toluene, materials containing toluene, and nitrous oxide. Minors are also forbidden to possess these substances. Louisiana prohibits the sale, transfer, or possession of model glue and inhal-able toluene substances to minors. In Ohio, it is illegal to inhale certain compounds for intoxication—a common, general prohibition other states have enacted. 

Most states have laws regarding inhalant (or volatile substance) use and abuse on the books. In recent years, laws that are specific to nitrous oxide use and distribution have been written in many states. For example, in Connecticut, Arizona, Texas, and Michigan, it is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to purchase nitrous oxide, even in food grade cartridges. In Arizona, anyone caught selling N20 to minors faces up to 18 months in jail and a 150,000 fine. 

Koike, I., and Terauchi, K. (1996) Fine scale distribution of nitrous oxide in marine sediments. Mar. Chem. 52, 185-193. 

Seitzinger, S.P., and Kroeze, C. (1998) Global distribution of nitrous oxide production and N inputs in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 93-113. 

These two different concepts lead to different mathematical expressions which can be tested with the experimental data. The derivation is similar to that of equations (1-5) but with the inclusion of a term, calculated from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, for the fraction of molecules in the activated state. With these formulas it can be shown that when the reciprocal of the velocity constant is plotted against the reciprocal of the initial pressure a straight line is produced, according to Theory I, but a curved line is produced if Theory II is correct. Moreover the extent of the curvature depends on the complexity of the molecule. It is found that simple molecules like nitrous oxide give astraight line, and more complicated molecules, like azomethane, give er curved line. ... 

Nitrous oxide, N20 16 valence electrons. Here, two skeletons come to mind, NNO and NON. The structure NNO is suggested by chemical evidence and confirmed by spectral studies (Chap. 25). There are three distributions of electrons consistent with the octet rule ... 

Horne DW, Patterson D, and Cook RJ (1989) Effect of nitrous oxide inactivation of vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthetase on the subcellular distribution of folate coenzymes In rat liver. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 270, 729-33. 

Kaiser, J., Park, S., Boering, K. A., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., HUkert, A., and Rockmann, T. (2004). Mass spectrometric method for the absolute calibration of the intramolecular nitrogen isotope distribution in nitrous oxide. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378, 256-269. 

Ronner, U. (1983). Distribution, production and consumption of nitrous oxide in the Baltic Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47, 2179—2188. 

Walter, S., Breitenbach, U., Bange, H. W., Nausch, G., and Wallace, D. W. R. (2006b). Nitrous oxide water column distribution during the transition from anoxic to oxic conditions in the Baltic Sea. Biogeosci. Discuss. 3, 729—764. 

Canonical denitrification is carried out by heterotrophic bacteria during which nitrate (or nitrite) serves as the terminal electron acceptor for organic matter oxidation and the nitrogen oxides are reduced mainly to nitrogen (some nitrous oxide may be formed). The characteristic feature of canonical denitrification is that the reduction of N-oxides is coupled to electron transport phosphorylation (Knowles, 1982, 1996 Koike and Hattori, 1975). The capacity for respiratory denitrification is widespread among bacteria and is distributed across various taxonomic subclasses, mainly within the Proteobacteria (Zumft, 1997). 

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