Nitrogen oxides fluxes

Mosier A., Schimel D., Valentine D., Bronson K., and Parton W. (1991) Methane and nitrogen oxide fluxes in native, fertilized, and cultivated grasslands. Nature 350, 330-332. 

Kim, D.S., V.P. Aneja, and W.P. Robarge, Characterization of nitrogen oxide fluxes from soil of a fallow field in the coastal piedmont of North Carolina,, 4 ftwoi. Environ., 28, 1129-1137, 1994. 

Table 19-1 demonstrates that with the exception of water vapor, all of these cycles have been severely perturbed by human activity. Of course, all of these cycles are also linked in many ways. For example, the combustion of fossil fuel has increased the fluxes of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere. Denitrification, the production of N2O, is linked with the production of CO2 during respiration and decay. And of course, other important cycles are involved which are not depicted here. Look back at Fig. 17-8, which sums up the climate forcings by the key agents. 

Bronson KF, Neue HU, Singh U, Abao EB. Automated chamber measurements of methane and nitrous oxide flux in a flooded rice soil Residue, nitrogen, and water management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1997 61 981—987. 

UNECE (1988) Protocol to the 1979 Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution concerning the control of emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes. http //www.unece.org/env/lrtap/nitr hl.html... 

Figure 11 shows an idealised nitrogen cycle. The numbers in boxes represent quantities of nitrogen in the various reservoirs, while the arrows show fluxes. It is interesting to note that substances involving relatively small fluxes and burdens can have a major impact upon people. Thus nitrogen oxides, NO, NO2, and N2O are very minor constituents relative to N2 but play major roles in photochemical air pollution (NO2), acid rain (HNO3 from NO2), and stratospheric ozone depletion (N2O). 

Livingston, G. P., P. M. Vitousek, and P. A. Matson. 1988. Nitrous oxide flux and nitrogen transformations across a landscape gradient in Amazonia. Journal of Geophysical Research 93 1593-1599. 

Munoz-Hincapie, M., Morell, J. M., and Corredor, J. E. (2002). Increase of nitrous oxide flux to the atmosphere upon nitrogen addition to red mangrove sediments. Mar. Poll. Bull. 44, 992-996. 

Corrosion rate was evaluated with respect to, 1) flux of pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, and particles) to the steel during both wet and dry periods, 2) temperature, and 3) exposure history. Different definitions of when the steel was wet were evaluated to determine the most likely "critical relative humidity." Non-linear multiple regression techniques were used to determine the statistical significance of each factor and develop a theoretically consistent environmental damage function. 

Dissolution of the oxide film is reduced by increasing the fluxes of nitrogen oxides and rain. 

Matson, P. A. and Vitousek, R M. (1987). Cross-system comparison of soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide fluxes in tropical forest soils. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 1,163-170. 

Sofia Protocol concerning the Control of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes (29 have ratified entered into force February 1991)... 

Calls for freeze of nitrogen oxide emissions or their transboundary fluxes relative to 1987 (or 1978 in the U.S. case)... 

Cyclone furnaces have two major shortcomings (1) the ash of the coal must be convertible to molten slag at furnace temperatures and (2) the nitrogen oxide emissions are excessive (ca. 1000 ppm) because of the high furnace temperature. Cyclone furnaces have been widely used in areas where the coal contains ash with a low fusion temperature. For successful removal of slag, the slag viscosity cannot exceed 250 poise at 1420°C (2600°F) and many coals do not meet this requirement However, addition of iron ore, limestone, or dolomite makes it possible to flux the coal ash thereby decreasing the viscosity at furnace temperatures. 

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