Nitrocellulose propellants -> single

Of these, the most successful appeared in 1887 when Alfred Nobel patented a nitrocellulose propellant plasticised with nitroglycerine. Known as a double-base propellant, it is virtually smokeless, with a very high specific impulse as compared to gunpowder. Single-base propellants were developed in 1865 and 1890 by Schultz and Vieille respectively and these took the form of gelatinised nitrocellulose for use in firearms and mortars. 

A) Nitrocellulose or Single-Base Propellants (Shokayaku) contd NC (Nitrocellulose) (ca 12.5% N) 98 DPhA (Diphenylamine) 2%. 

Pirosilinovyye porokha = single base nitrocellulose propellant (russian) Piroksilins N° 1 = nitrocellulose 12-13% N N° 2 = > 13% N (russian) 222... 

Pyropowder = single base nitrocellulose propellant (UK) pyrotechnical compositions 28 29 ... 

French gunpowder. A single base nitrocellulose propellant stabilized by 1.5-2% diphenylamine. The sufix (e.g., Poudre B Ba) denotes ... 

See Propellants, Single-Base Powders, Double-Base Powders, I. M. R. Powder, Sporting Powder, Nitrocellulose, Pyrocotton, Guncotton, Ball Powder, P1,12 27. See also... 

Single-base propellants. Single-base propellants are essentially formed from pure nitrocellulose that is produced from a cellulose monomer, 25. Cellulose is produced industrially from cotton and wood pulp. The hydroxyl groups ( OH) in the cellulose are nitrated by a... 

Military. The single-component explosives most commonly used for military compositions are TNT, RDX or HMX, nitrocellulose, and nitroglycerin. The last two are used almost exclusively to make propellants. The production volume of TNT far exceeds that of any other explosive. It is used as manufactured, as a base of biaary slurries with other high melting explosives, or ia ternary systems generally containing a biaary mix and aluminum. 

Single-base propellants are mixed in a similar fashion by adding the ingredients to the nitrocellulose in the mixer together with the required amounts of ether and alcohol. The mixing time is about one-half hour, and the temperature is kept below 25°C. The pardy colloidal mixture looks like moist cmde sugar. A maceration step may be included to increase homogeneity. 

Single base propellants are basically nitrocellulose which has been made colloidal by the action of solvent. 

Single base propellant. Propellant based on nitrocellulose without the inclusion of nitroglycerine. 

Single base" smokeless powder, developed mainly in the United States, uses only nitrocellulose. "Double base" smokeless powder, developed in Europe, is a blend of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. "Cordite," a British development, consists of 65% NC, 30% NG, and 5% mineral jelly. The mineral jelly (a hydrocarbon material) functions as a coolant and produces substantial amounts of CO 2, CO, and H 2O gas to improve the propellant characteristics. "Triple base" smokeless powder, containing nitroguanidine as a third component with nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose is also manufactured. 

Nitrocelluloses (Shokamen), such as described in Vol 2 of Encycl under CELLULOSE, were used in NC Propellants (Shokayaku) or Single-Base Proplnts. See under PROPELLANTS... 

Nitrocellulose-Base Solid Propellants, Including Single-Base, Double-Base and Triple-Base Propellants (1371—1405) Composite Propellants (1405—07)... 

A propellant which consists of nitrocellulose (NC) as the only explosive ingredient is called a single-base (SB) propellant. The formulation consists of 90% or more of NC with a nitrogen content of 12.50-13.25%. NC is gelled with the help of a... 

In order to raise the Q value of single-base propellants and to increase the pressure of the gas inside the gun barrel, nitrocellulose is mixed with nitroglycerine to form double-base propellants. Double-base propellants have a Q value of about 4500 J g 1 and are used in pistols and mortars. The disadvantage of double-base gun propellants is the excess-... 

MEK/sec.-butyl alcohol (25/75) primarily used for the analysis of moisture, ethyl alcohol, and diethyl ether in single-base propellants containing nitrocellulose of approximately 13.15% nitrogen. 

Solid propellants may be classified as monopropellants or composite propellants. Monopropellants are substances in which the fuel and oxidizer are both contained within the same molecule or at least in a single phase. These materials may either burn slowly at subsonic rates or may decompose rapidly in detonation. Depending on the use to which this type of material is put, it may be classified either as propellant or high explosive. In general, useful monopropellants are difficult to detonate. The typical example of a monopropellant is the so-called double-base propellant. This substance consists of nitrocellulose which has been colloidized by nitroglycerine along with various minor constituents which have been added to... 

Any distinction between cordite and ballistite which is based upon the methods by which the materials are manufactured is now no longer valid. Certain cordites are made without the use of a volatile solvent. Ballistites are made from soluble and from insoluble nitrocellulose, with and without the use of acetone, ethyl acetate, or other volatile solvent. Cordite is the name of the propellant which is used by the British armed forces. Ballistite, generally in flakes, sometimes in cords and in single-perforated tubes, is the preferred military powder of Italy, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. 

Propellants that contain nitrocellulose as the only oxidizer are referred to as single base and propellants that contain both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine (or some other explosive plasticizer) as double base. Triple-based propellants are produced when substantial quantities of an organic, energy-producing, crystalline compound such as nitroguanidine are incorporated in double-based propellants. Triple-based propellants are unlikely to be encountered in small arms ammunition. 

High explosives may be class d according to their physical properties as powdery, meltable, semi-meltable and plastic. Propellants may be grouped on the basis of chemical composition into gun powder and similar mixtures, nitrocellulose (single base) and nitroglycerine (double base) powders, With respect to their uses and some properties they are divided into black powder, smokeless and flashless powders, and rocket propellants. 

Nitrocellulose, which is the most important component of single-base and double-base powders and multibase rocket propellants. It is also used to gelatinize commercial explosives. Outside the explosives industry, it is also used in the manufacture of lacquers and varnishes ... 

The propellant which has exclusively been used for a long time in conventional military weapons is the smokeless (or, more accurately, low-smoke) powder. According to its composition, it can be classified as single-base powders (e.g., nitrocellulose powder), doublebase powders (e.g., nitroglycerine powder) and triple-base powders (e.g., nitrocellulose + nitroglycerine (or diglycol dinitrate) + nitroguanidine powders). 

---