Nitric oxide naming

The older process is called the lead chamber process. It uses a mixture of gaseous oxides of nitrogen—nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, N02—as the catalyst. This process has been in use and under development for over 200 years. It is named after the large room-like chambers lined with lead in which the gaseous reactions are carried out. The lead walls react with the acid and become coated with an inert protective coating of lead sulfate. 

MEDINA in an acronym for MEthylene DINtrA-mine. In earlier literature it was called MEDNA (Ref 2), the latter name later used for the isomeric compd me thylenedi-isonitramine which was obtained by the action of nitric oxide on acet (Beil 1, 592) (See under MEDNA in this... 

Figure 13.9 The production and actions of nitric oxide (NO). The influx of calcium through either calcium channels or NMDA receptors triggers NOS to convert L-arginine to NO. L-NAME and 7-NI inhibit this process. NO, once produced, can diffuse in a sphere and then can activate guanylate cyclase...

Shiny silvery metal that is relatively soft in its pure form. Forms a highly resistant oxide coat. Used mainly in alloys, for example, in construction steel. Tiny amounts, in combination with other elements such as chromium, makes steel rustproof and improves its mechanical properties. Highly suited for tools and all types of machine parts. Also applied in airplane turbines. Chemically speaking, the element is of interest for catalysis (for example, removal of nitric oxides from waste gases). Vanadium forms countless beautiful, colored compounds (see Name). Essential for some organisms. Thus, natural oil, which was formed from marine life forms, contains substantial unwanted traces of vanadium that need to be removed. 

NO is a gaseous neurotransmitter implicated in signaling in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in the immune system and the vasculature. NO is formed from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). There are three isoforms of NOS. All isoforms require NADPH as a cofactor, use L-arginine as a substrate, and are inhibited by Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The three isoforms are separate gene products. One isoform of NOS is a cytosolic, calcium/calmodulin-independent, inducible enzyme (iNOS). It is found in macrophages, neutrophils, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelia. The iNOS... 

Monti, J. M., Hantos, H., Ponzoni, A., Monti, D. Banchero, P. (1999). Role of nitric oxide in sleep regulation effects of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, on sleep in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 100, 197-205. 

Monti, J. M. Jantos, H. (2004). Microinjection of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME into the lateral basal forebrain alters the sleep/wake cycle of the rat. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol Psychiatry 28 (2), 239-47. 

This mode of superoxide-dependent free radical-mediated damaging activity remains an important one although the nature of the generated reactive species (free hydroxyl radicals or perferryl, or ferryl ions) is still obscure. However, after the discovery of the fact that many cells produce nitric oxide in relatively large amounts (see below), it became clear that there is another and possibly a more portent mechanism of superoxide-induced free radical damage, namely, the formation of highly reactive peroxynitrite. 

As mentioned earlier, ascorbate and ubihydroquinone regenerate a-tocopherol contained in a LDL particle and by this may enhance its antioxidant activity. Stocker and his coworkers [123] suggest that this role of ubihydroquinone is especially important. However, it is questionable because ubihydroquinone content in LDL is very small and only 50% to 60% of LDL particles contain a molecule of ubihydroquinone. Moreover, there is another apparently much more effective co-antioxidant of a-tocopherol in LDL particles, namely, nitric oxide [125], It has been already mentioned that nitric oxide exhibits both antioxidant and prooxidant effects depending on the 02 /NO ratio [42]. It is important that NO concentrates up to 25-fold in lipid membranes and LDL compartments due to the high lipid partition coefficient, charge neutrality, and small molecular radius [126,127]. Because of this, the value of 02 /N0 ratio should be very small, and the antioxidant effect of NO must exceed the prooxidant effect of peroxynitrite. As the rate constants for the recombination reaction of NO with peroxyl radicals are close to diffusion limit (about 109 1 mol 1 s 1 [125]), NO will inhibit both Reactions (7) and (8) and by that spare a-tocopherol in LDL oxidation. 

N-diazeniumdiolates spontaneously dissociate at physiological pH to release nitric oxide (NO) by stable first order kinetics with half-lives ranging from 2 s to 20 h [209, 210]. They are blessed with many attributes that make them an especially attractive starting point for designing solutions to important clinical problems, namely they are stable as solids, have structural diversity, a controlled rate of release of NO on hydrolysis, and a rich derivatization chemistry that facilitates targeting of NO to specific sites of need, a critical goal for therapeutic uses of a molecule with natural bioeffector roles in virtually every organ [208]. 

The subj ect has been treated as part of a general discussion of N O-donors in a number of reviews [1-4]. This chapter will briefly introduce the general properties of these systems and the chief methods to synthesise them, after which it will concentrate on their NO-donor properties and NO-dependent biological activities. The term NO will be used here as a family name, embracing not only nitric oxide (NO ) but also its two redox forms, nitroxyl (HNO) and nitrosonium ion (NO+), which play important roles in the complex signalling system connected with NO [5]. The specific redox form involved in the NO-release will be indicated, if known, when necessary for the discussion. 

The therapeutic effects of sodium nitroprusside depend on release of nitric oxide which relaxes vascular muscle. Sodium nitroprusside is best formulated as a nitrosonium (NO+) complex. Its in vivo activation is probably achieved by reduction to [Fe(CN)5NO]3, which then releases cyanide to give [Fe(CN)4NO]2, which in turn releases nitric oxide and additional CN to yield aquated Fe(II) species and [Fe(CN)6]4 (502). There are problems associated with its use, namely reduced activity due to photolysis (501) and its oxidative breakdown due to the action of an activated immune system (503), both of which release cyanide from the low-spin d6 iron complex. 

In this paper, author reported the reactivity of newly synthesized Fem-superoxo and MnIV-peroxo complexes with nitric Oxide (NO) to follow nitric oxide dioxygenation reactions. Reactions of nonheme Fem—superoxo and Mnlv—pcroxo complexes bearing a common tetraamido macrocyclic igand (TAML), namely [(TAML)Fem(02)]2" and [(TAML)MnIV(02)]2% with NO afford the Fem-N03 complex [(TAML)Fem(N03)]2- and the Mnv-oxo complex [(TAML)Mnv(0)]" plus N02, respectively. 

The amount of prompt NO produced in combustion systems is relatively small compared with the total NO formation. However, prompt NO is still formed at low temperatures and is one of the features in producing ultra-low NO burners. The nitric oxide reacts with other species in the atmosphere to give various other nitrogen oxides, namely NO2 and nitrogen pollutants. 

Wakefield, I.D., March, J.E., Kemp, P.A., Valentin, J.P., Bennett, T., and Gardiner, S.M., Comparative regional haemodynamic effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline and L-NAME, in conscious rats, Br.J. Pharmacol., 39, 1235-1243, 2003. 

Abbreviations BSO, D.L-buthionine-. i -sulfoxime L , lipid alkyl radicals LH, lipid LO, Upid alkoxyl radicals LOO, Upid peroxyl radicals L-NAME, yV -nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester MBl, methylene bridge index (mean number of h -aUytic methylene positions per fatty add) NO, nitric oxide NOS, nitric oxide synthase NO, nitrite N02, nitrogen dioxide NO2CI, nitryl chloride O2 , superoxide OH, hydroxyl radical OL, epoxyaUyhc radical OLOO, epoxyperoxyl radical 0=NOO , peroxynitrite SNAP, S-nitroso-iV-acetyl-D.L-penicillamine SOD, superoxide dismutase contd. onp. 98, Subcellular Biochemistry, Volume 36 Phospholipid Metabolism in Apoptosis. 

Vale A, Green S, Montgomery AM, Shall S (1998) The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor L-NAME produces anxiogenic-like effects in the rat elevated plus-maze test, but not in the social interaction test. J Psychopharmacol 12 268-272 Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981) Characterization of a 41 -residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and p-endorphin. Science 213 1394-1397... 

The chemistry of the nitrogen oxides dates back to the days of the Reverend Joseph Priestley, who used the reaction of nitric oxide to measure the concentration of oxygen in air. As a consequence, many of the recommended lUPAC names for nitrogen species have common names. As a general rule, common names are used when they have been widely utilized in the biological literature and lUPAC names for less well-known chemical species. Table 3 should help facilitate translation among the different names. 

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