Nickel Ni

The most sensitive analytical line for nickel is at 232.003 nm with a characteristic concentration of Co = 0.04 mg/L in an air/acetylene flame. The characteristic mass at this line, using a transversely heated graphite tube atomizer, is mo = 10 pg. The main absorption line of nickel is in the range of strong PO absorption bands, which might have to be considered in GFAAS analysis in the presence of phosphate matrix. 

Nickel has about 350 absorption lines with greatly differing sensitivity, so that only a small fraction of these lines, covering a sensitivity range of more than two orders of magnitude, had to be selected for presentation in Table 6.18, together with information about their spectral environment. 

Aeieinem / nm Rel. sens. Matrix name A / nm Rel. sens. Aelement / nm Rel. sens. Matrix name A / nm Rel. sens. 

The purified metal is hard but malleable and ductile. Its silvery white appearance can be polished to a lustrous finish, and provides about l/4th of the American 5-cent piece. Its corrosion resistance makes it good for coinage. The ancient Chinese produced an alloy called Paktong by smelting ores containing copper, nickel, and zinc thatis now known as nickel silver and is the base for high-grade silver-plated ware. 

From the point of view of physics, nickel is not nearly as good a conductor as copper, but it is important for its magnetic properties. Iron can be magnetically hardened by alloying it with nickel and cobalt. In this form it finds many uses in permanent magnets. Nickel has many other interesting properties when alloyed with iron or copper, and these contribute to a wide number of technological uses. 

Nickel is an important element for nucleosynthesis. It possesses five stable isotopes (A = 58, 60, 61, 62 and 64), each of which has interesting consequences for 

Natural isotopes of nickel and their solar abundances 

See 5 Fe (to which 5 Ni decays) for discussion of the nucleosynthesis of 5 Ni by equilibrium and quasiequilibrium processes during supernova nuclear burning. Roughly 0.5 to 0.8 solar masses of 56Ni is created by the thermonuclear explosions of white dwarfs (Type la supernovae). Only about l/loth as much is created by each core-collapse supernova (Type II), but they are about 4 to 5 times more frequent than Type la explosions. This means that about two-thirds of the galactic total of 5 Ni is synthesized by la explosions and about one-third by core-collapse Type II. 

Name Formula State Color AG° Solubility (kJ/mole)  

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Lead, Pb nickel, Ni and barium, Ba, may be restricted or absent in some formulations because of environmental regulations (3). 

This method is used for the determination of total chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), beiylhum (Be), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), phosphorus (P), thalhum (Tl), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), and mer-cuiy (Hg) stack emissions from stationaiy sources. This method may also be used for the determination of particulate emissions fohowing the procedures and precautions described. However, modifications to the sample recoveiy and analysis procedures described in the method for the purpose of determining particulate emissions may potentially impacl the front-half mercury determination. 

On the basis of the 18-electron rule, the d s configuration is expected to lead to carbonyls of formula [M(CO)4] and this is found for nickel. [Ni(CO)4], the first metal carbonyl to be discovered, is an extremely toxic, colourless liquid (mp —19.3°, bp 42.2°) which is tetrahedral in the vapour and in the solid (Ni-C 184pm, C-O 115 pm). Its importance in the Mond process for manufacturing nickel metal has already been mentioned as has the absence of stable analogues of Pd and Pt. It may be germane to add that the introduction of halides (which are a-bonded) reverses the situation [NiX(CO)3] (X = Cl, Br, I) are very unstable, the yellow [Pd"(CO)Cl2]n is somewhat less so, whereas the colourless [Pt (CO)2Cl2] and [PtX3(CO)] are quite stable. 

Nickel. Ni, at wt 58.71, at no 28, valences +2 +3, five stable isotopes, 7 radioactive isotopes. Malleable, silvery metal readily fabricated by hot and cold working takes high polish excellent resistance to corrosion. Mp 1455° bp 2900° d 8.9Q8g/cc electrical resistivity (20°) 6.844 microhm-cm Moh s hardness 3.8 spec heat (100°) 0.1123 latent heat of fusion 73cal/g. 

Nickel, Ni, is also used in alloys. It is a hard, silver-white metal used mainly for the production of stainless steel and for alloying with copper to produce cupronickels, the alloys used for nickel coins (which are about 25% Ni and 75% Cu). Nickel is also used in nicad batteries and as a catalyst, especially for the addition of hydrogen to organic compounds, as in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils (Section 18.6). 

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