NICKEL DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE

According to Goncalves et al. (1998,2000), irradiated samples were leached with aqua regia in a microwave oven with subsequent selective Hg extraction with bismuth diethyldithio-carbamate. In the organic phase, Hg and Hg were counted. Mercury mass fractions in soil and sediment samples taken around a gold mine in Brazil were determined above the detection limit of 10-50 pg/kg. Kucera (2007) described a procedure where Hg was extracted with nickel diethyldithiocarbamate, Ni(DDC)3, into chloroform followed by its stripping with HCI/H2O2 solution. Mercury was determined via Hg and parallel to Hg, Se was analyzed by INAA and RNAA. Alamin et al. (2006) applied the combined method for the determination of trace amounts of Hg and Se in Libyan food items. 

Nickel carbonyl should be used in totally enclosed systems or under good local exhaust. Plants and laboratories where nickel carbonyl is used should make use of air-monitoring devices, alarms should be present in case of accidental leakage, and appropriate personal respiratory protective devices should be readily available for emergency uses. Monitoring of urinary nickel levels is useful to help determine the severity of exposure and identify appropriate treatment measures. Some large-scale users of nickel carbonyl maintain a supply of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, or Antabuse, a therapeutic agent, on hand for use in case of overexposure. 

Several ions (e.g., manganese, iron (II), iron (III), cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, and uranyl) react with pyrocatechol violet, and to some extent are extracted together with aluminium. The interferences from these ions and other metal ions generally present in seawater could be eliminated by extraction with diethyldithiocarbamate as masking agent. With this agent most of the metal ions except aluminium were extracted into chloroform, and other metal ions did not react in the amounts commonly found in seawater. Levels of aluminium between 6 and 6.3 pg/1 were found in Pacific Ocean and Japan Sea samples by this method. 

To determine 63 Ni in seawater the nickel was adsorbed on to hydrous manganese dioxide and the precipitate dissolved in hydrochloric acid. The nickel was then extracted with diethyldithiocarbamate in chloroform and determined by liquid scintillation counting [527]. 

Chakraborti et al. [665] determined cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, and lead in seawater by chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate from a 500 ml sample, extraction into carbon tetrachloride, evaporation to dryness, and redissolution in nitric acid prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in amounts ranging from 10 pg (cadmium) to 250 pg (nickel). 

Metal Coatings. Tellurium chlorides, as well as tellurium dioxide in hydrochloric acid solution, impart permanent and attractive black antique finish to silverware, aluminum, and brass. Anodized aluminum is colored dark gold by tellurium electro deposition. A solution containing sodium tellurate and copper ions forms a black or blue-black coating on ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys. Addition of sodium tellurite improves the corrosion resistance of electroplated nickel. Tellurium diethyldithiocarbamate is an additive in bright copper electroplating (see Electroplating). 

Edward Iratami [273] applied high performance liquid chromatography to the determination in river water of mercury(II), copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II) and lead(II) as their dithizonates and their diethyldithiocarbamates. The metals were first complexed, then the complexes... 

For many samples, pre-concentration is essential, and this is commonly achieved by solvent extraction. Often the nickel tetramethylenedithiocarbamate complex is extracted at pH 2-4 into 4-methylpentan-2-one.1 This system has been applied to soil and sediment extracts39 and to water samples.40-42 Kinrade and Van Loon43 used a mixture of ammonium tetramethylenedithiocarbamate and diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate to extract a range of elements, including nickel, into 4-methylpentan-2-one from water samples adjusted to pH 5. New solvent extraction-based procedures are still being published regularly for environmental samples such as plant tissues and water samples.44... 

Interferences Metals or salts of metals such as chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, palladium, and silver may interfere with the evolution of arsine. Antimony, which forms stibine, is the only metal likely to produce a positive interference in the color development with the silver diethyldithiocarbamate. Stibine forms a red color with silver diethyldithiocarbamate that has a maximum absorbance at 510 nm, but at 535 to 540 nm, the absorbance of the antimony complex is so diminished that the results of the determination would not be altered significantly. 

This method is for the determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc, which are solvent extracted and concentrated as their diethyldithiocarbamate chelates. After destruction of the organic complexes dissolution of the residue in dilute acid gives a solution suitable for atomic absorption analysis [13]. 

The metal diethyldithiocarbamates were used to achieve the simultaneous determination of copper, nickel and zinc in marine bottom sediments Powdered... 

Chelating agents may be used to reduce the body burden after exposure. Diethyldithiocarbamate is the preferred chelating agent. D-Penicillamine and calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate may also be effective in enhancing excretion of nickel. 

Fluid replacement is indicated in the case of ingestion causing serious vomiting and diarrhea. For inhalation exposures, the patient should be moved to fresh air, and be provided with symptomatic and supportive treatment. Diethyldithiocarbamate is the chelating agent of choice. Disulfiram has been used to clear cases of nickel dermatitis. 

Chen, H., Jin, J. and Wang, Y., 1997, Flow- injection on-line Coprecipitation-preconcentration System Using Copper (II) diethyldithiocarbamate as Carrier for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Cadmium, Lead and Nickel in Environmental Samples, Analytica Chimica Acta, 353, 181-188. 

Animal studies have demonstrated that sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is an effective antidote to acute nickel carbonyl poisoning when the chelating drug is administered parenterally soon after the exposure (Baselt and Hanson 1982, Baselt et al. 1977, West and Sunderman 1958). Based on this evidence, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate has been used for many years to treat patients with acute nickel carbonyl poisoning (Sunderman 1971, 1979, 1992, Sunderman and Sunderman 1958). In a critique of the published experimental and clinical data. Brad-berry and Vale (1999) concluded that adequately controlled clinical trials of the drug have never been performed they suggested... 

Baselt RC, Sunderman FW Jr, Mitchell J and Horak E (1977) Comparisons of antidotal efficacy of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, D-penidUamine and triethylenetetramine upon acute toxicity of nickel carbonyl in rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 18 677-688. 

Beadbeeey SM and Vale JA (1999) Therapeutic review do diethyldithiocarbamate and disulflram have a role in acute nickel carbonyl poisoning Clin Toxicol 37 259-264. 

SuNDEEMAN FW Je and Feasee CB (1983) Effects of nickel chloride and diethyldithiocarbamate on met-allothionein in rat liver and kidney. Ann Clin Lab Sci 13 489 -495. 

Some of the most successful and widely used chelating reagents include dimethylglyoxime for the gravimetric determination of nickel 1,10-phe-nanthroline and its derivatives for the colorimetric determination of iron and copper dithizone for the separation and colorimetric determination of a number of metals but particularly lead, silver, zinc, cadmium, and mercury the dithiocarbamates such as diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate and ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, used for colorimetry but more widely applied now as selective extractants and the most successful titrant, EDTA. 

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate was introduced for the treatment of nickel carbonyl intoxication (Sunderman 1990), for which it is very effective. The use of this compound is not recommended for other toxic metals because of the lipid-soluble complexes which it forms with many of them. Such complexes readily pass into the central nervous system. 

Sternlieb I (1990) Perspectives on Wilson s disease. Hepatology 12 1234-1238 Stewart JR, Diamond G (1987) Renal tubular secretion of the alkanesulfonate 2,3-dimer capto-1-propane sulfonate. Am J Physiol 252 F800-F810 Stocken LA, Thompson RHS (1946) British anti-lewisite. II. Dithiol compounds as antidotes for arsenic. Biochem J 40 535-548 Sunderman FW Sr (1990) Use of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in the treatment of nickel carbonyl poisoning. Ann Clin Lab Sci 20 12-21 Tell I, Somervaille LJ, Nilsson U, Bensryd I, Schiitz A, Chettle DR, Scott MC, Skerfving S (1992) Chelated lead and bone lead. Scand J Work Environ Health 18 113-119... 

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